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References

These are the approved guidelines published by the South African Society of Psychiatrists to provide an overview on treatment and management of commonly diagnosed psychiatric illnesses. The guidelines include consensus recommendations, based on peer contribution and using the international evidence based guidelines that are suitable for the local South African health service.

Please note that parts of this guideline may be out of date, an update will be published as soon as it is available.

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  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
  3. Pull CB, Damsa C. Pharmacotherapy of panic disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2008;4:779-795.
  4. McHugh RK, Smits JA, Otto MW. Empirically supported treatments for panic disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2009;32:593-610. [http//:dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.05.005.]
  5. Furukawa TA, Watanabe N, Churchill R. Psychotherapy plus antidepressant for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Br J Psychiatry 2006;188:305-312. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.188.4.305]
  6. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with post traumatic stress disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998;37S:4-26.
  7. Hawkridge S, Stein DJ. Risk-benefit assessment of drug therapies for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Drug Safety 1998;19:283-297.
  8. Ballenger JC, Davidson JRT, Lecrubier Y, et al. Consensus statement on panic disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:47-54.
  9. Goddard AW, Brouette T, Almai A, et al. Early coadministration of clonazepam with sertraline for panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:681-686. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.7.681]
  10. Bruce SE, Vasile RG, Goisman RM, et al. Are benzodiazepines still the medication of choice for patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia? Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1432-1438.
  11. Watanabe N, ChurchillR, Furukawa TA. Combination of psychotherapy and benzodiazepines versus either therapy alone for panic disorder: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry2007;7:18.
  12. Berney P, Halperin D, Tango R, et al. A major change of prescribing pattern in absence of adequate evidence: benzodiazepines versus newer antidepressants in anxiety disorders.Psychopharmacology Bulletin 2008;41:39-47.
  13. Sheehan DV, Sheehan KH, Raj BA. The speed of onset of action of alprazolam-XR compared to alprazolam-CT in panic disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 2007;40;63-81.
  14. Westra HA, Stewart SH. As-needed use of benzodiazepines in managing clinical anxiety: incidence and Implications. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2002;8:59-74.
  15. DeVeaugh-Geiss AM, West SL, Miller WC, et al. Depression and comorbid panic in primary care patients. J Affect Disord 2010;123:283-290 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.09.013]
  16. Kilbane EJ, Gokbayrak NS, Galykner I, et al. A review of panic and suicide in bipolar disorder: does comorbidity increase risk? J Affect Disord 2009;115:1-10. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.09.014]
  17. El-Mallakh RS, Hollifield M. Comorbid anxiety in bipolar disorder alters treatment and prognosis. Psychiatr Q 2008;79:139-150. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11126-008-9071-5]
  18. Perugi G, Frare F, Toni C, et al. Adjunctive valproate in panic disorder patients with comorbid bipolar disorder or otherwise resistant to standard antidepressants: a 3 year ‘open’ follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010;260:553-560. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-010-0109-y]
  19. Nepon J, Belik SL, Bolton J, Sareen J. The relationship between anxiety disorders and suicide attempts: findings from the national epidemiological survey on alcohol and related conditions. Depress Anxiety 2010;27:791-798. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20674]
  20. Beghi E, Bussone G, D’Amico D, et al. Headache, anxiety and depressive disorders: the HADAS study. Journal of Headache and Pain 2010;11:141-150.
  21. Lader M. Management of panic disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2005;5:259-266. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10194-010-0187-2]
  22. Posternak MA, Mueller TI. Assessing the risks and benefits of benzodiazepines for anxiety disorders in patients with a history of substance abuse or dependence. Am J Addict 2001;10:48-68.
  23. Kinrys G, Coleman E, Rothstein E. Natural remedies for anxiety disorders: potential use and clinical applications. Depress Anxiety 2009;26:259-265.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20460]
  24. Palatnik A, Frolov K, Fux M, Benjamin J. Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:335-339.

Drugs mentioned

NeoHealth® ID 17609 · updated 4/19/2022