References

Please note that parts of this guideline may be out of date, an update will be published as soon as it is available.

1. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, et al. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-monthDSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry2005;62:617-627. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617]
2. Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, et al. WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines forAnxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders-first revision. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 2008;9:248-312. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15622970802465807]
3. Roy-Byrne PP, Katon W. Generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: The precursor/modifierpathway to increased health care utilization. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58S:34-38.
4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, FifthEdition. 2013. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
5. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American PsychiatricAssociation, 2000.
6. Stein DJ, Seedat S, Niehaus DJH, et al. Psychiatric medications in primary care: Algorithmsand guidelines. Tygerberg, Cape Town: University of Stellenbosch, Mental Health InformationCentre, 2005:91.
7. Spitzer R, Kroenke K, Williams J, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxietydisorder. The GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1092-1097. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092]
8. Stein DJ, Fincham D, Seedat S, et al. The DSM-IV-based Generalized Anxiety Disorder SeverityScale: Preliminary validation using data from a trial of agomelatine versus placebo. J Nerv MentDis 2009;197:391-394.
9. Feltner DE, Harness J, Brock J, et al. Clinical evaluation of the Daily Assessment of Symptoms-Anxiety (DAS-A): A new instrument to assess the onset of symptomatic improvement ingeneralized anxiety disorder. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics 2009;15:12-18.
10. Gorman JM. Treating generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(Suppl 2):24-29.
11. Schneider F, Weiss U, Kessler C, et al. Subcortical correlates of differential classical conditioning of aversive emotional reactions in social phobia. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:863-871.
12. Posternak MA, Mueller TI. Assessing the risks and benefits of benzodiazepines for anxiety disorders in patients with a history of substance abuse or dependence. Am J Addict 2000;10:48-68.
13. Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, et al. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. New Engl J Med 1997;336:258-262.
14. Iqbal MM, Sobhan T, Ryals T. Effects of commonly used benzodiazepines on the fetus, the neonate, and the nursing infant. Psychiatr Serv 2002;53:39-49. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.53.1.39]15. 
15. Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y, et al. Consensus statement on generalized anxiety disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62S11:53-58.
16. Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post traumatic stress disorders. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 2002;3:171-199.
17. Allgulander C. Novel approaches to treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2010;23:37-42. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328333d574]
18. Baldwin D, Woods R, Lawson R, Taylor D. Efficacy of drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:d1199. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d1199]
19. Davidson JR, Zhang W, Connor KM, et al. A psychopharmacological treatment algorithm for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). J Psychopharmacol 2010;24:3-26.
20. DeMartinis N, Rynn M, Rickels K, et al. Prior benzodiazepine use and buspirone response in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:91-94. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v61n0203]
21. Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ. Kava and St. John's Wort: Current evidence for use in mood and anxiety disorders. J Altern Complement Med 2009;15:827-836.
22. Hofmann SG, Smits JA. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:621-632. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v69n0415]
23. International Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project (IPAP). Algorithm for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). 2006. www.ipap.org/gad/ (accessed June 2013).
24. Ballenger JC. Treatment of anxiety disorders to remission. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(S12):5-9.25. Schweizer W, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH. Issues in the long-term treatment of anxiety disorder psychopharmacology. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ, eds. Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation. New York: Raven Press, 1995..
25. Castenada R, Sussman N, Westreich L, et al. A review of the effects of moderate alcohol intake on the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:207-212.
26. Schadé A, Marquenie LA, van Balkom AJLM, et al. Do comorbid anxiety disorders in alcohol-dependent patients need specific treatment to prevent relapse? Alcohol Alcohol 2003;38:255-262. [http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1093/alcalc/agg062]
27. Fava M. Augmentation and combination strategies in treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(S18):4-11.