References - Alimentary Tract
i Hassan C et al. Bowel preparation for colonoscopy: European Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE)i guidelines: update 2019. DOI https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0959-0505. Published online: 2019 | Endoscopy ii Polyethylene glycol, oral: Park DI, Park SH, Lee SK, Baek YH, Han DS, Eun CS, Kim WH, Byeon JS, Yang SK. Efficacy of prepackaged, low residual test meals with 4L polyethylene glycol vers
i Hassan C et al. Bowel preparation for colonoscopy: European Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE)i guidelines: update 2019. DOI https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0959-0505. Published online: 2019 | Endoscopy
ii Polyethylene glycol, oral: Park DI, Park SH, Lee SK, Baek YH, Han DS, Eun CS, Kim WH, Byeon JS, Yang SK. Efficacy of prepackaged, low residual test meals with 4L polyethylene glycol versus a clear liquid diet with 4L polyethylene glycol bowel preparation: a randomized trial. J GastroenterolHepatol. 2009 Jun;24(6):988-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25053529 Sodium sulfate, oral: Johnson DA, Barkun AN, Cohen LB, Dominitz JA, Kaltenbach T, Martel M, Robertson DJ, Boland CR, Giardello FM, Lieberman DA, Levin TR, Rex DK. Optimizing adequacy of bowel cleansing for colonoscopy: recommendations from the U.S. multi-society task force on colorectal cancer. GastrointestEndosc. 2014 Oct;80(4):543-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25220509 Sodium sulfate, oral: Di Palma JA, Rodriguez R, McGowan J, Cleveland M. A randomized clinical study evaluating the safety and efficacy of a new, reduced-volume, oral sulfate colon-cleansing preparation for colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:2275-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19584830 Sodium sulfate, oral: Rex DK, Di Palma JA, Rodriguez R, McGowan J, Cleveland M. A randomized clinical study comparing reduced-volume oral sulfate solution with standard 4- liter sulfate-free electrolyte lavage solution as preparation for colonoscopy. GastrointestEndosc 2010;72:328-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20646695
iii Polyethylene glycol, oral/ sodium sulfate, oral (split dosing): Bucci C, Rotondano G, Hassan C, Rea M, Bianco MA, Cipolletta L, Ciacci C, Marmo R. Optimal bowel cleansing for colonoscopy: split the dose! A series of metaanalyses of controlled studies. GastrointestEndosc. 2014 Oct;80(4):566-576.e2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25053529
iv Adjunctive agents: American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS); American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE); Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Wexner SD, Beck DE, Baron TH, Fanelli RD, Hyman N, Shen B, Wasco KE. A consensus document on bowel preparation before colonoscopy: prepared by a task force from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons(ASCRS), the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). SurgEndosc. 2006 Jul;20(7):1147-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763922 Adjunctive agents: Rhodes JB, Engstrom J, Stone KE. Metoclopramide reduces the distress associated with colon cleansing by an oral electrolyte overload. GastrointestEndosc 1978;24:162- 3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/348558 Adjunctive agents: Brady CE III, DiPalma JA, Pierson WP. Golytely lavage: is metoclopramide necessary? Am J Gastroenterol 1985;80:180-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3976636 Adjunctive agents: Brady CE 3rd, DiPalma JA, Beck DE. Effect of bisacodyl on gut lavage cleansing for colonoscopy. Am Clin Res 1987;19:34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3555277
v Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, oral/IV (severe disease): South African Antibiotic Stewardship Programme. A Pocket Guide to Antibiotic Prescribing for Adults in South Africa, 2015. http://www.fidssa.co.za/Content/Documents/SAASP_Antibiotic_Guidelines_2015.pdf
vi Moayyedi PM, Lacy BE, Andrews CN, et al. ACG and CAG clinical guideline: Management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jul;112(7):988-1013. http://doi. org/10.1038/ajg.2017.154 Cheddie S et al. Age is a predictor of significant endoscopic findings in dyspepsia patients in South Africa. Southern African Journal of Surgery 2020; 58(1):14-17 http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-5151/2020/v58n1a2814
viii Proton pump inhibitor, oral: Sigterman KE, van Pinxteren B, Bonis PA, Lau J, Numans ME. Short-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists and prokinetics for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease-like symptoms and endoscopy negative reflux disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 May 31;5:CD002095. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728637 Proton pump inhibitor, oral (therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: PPIs, therapeutic class review, April, 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/
ix Proton pump inhibitor, oral (duration of 4 weeks): McDonagh MS, Carson S, Thakurta S. Drug Class Review: Proton Pump Inhibitors: Final Report Update 5 [Internet]. Portland (OR): Oregon Health & Science University; 2009 May. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47260/
x Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, IV (abscess of the pancreas): South African Antibiotic Stewardship Programme. A Pocket Guide to Antibiotic Prescribing for Adults in South Africa, 2015. http://www.fidssa.co.za/Content/Documents/SAASP_Antibiotic_Guidelines_2015.pdf
xi NDoH evidence review. H.pylori eradication. 4 June 2020. Azithromycin: Dong J, Yu XF, Zou J. Azithromycin-containing versus standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Dec 28;15(48):6102-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20027685 Azithromycin: National Department of Health. Essential Drugs Programme. Medicine review: The efficacy of Azithromycin compared to Clarithromycin in the treatment of H.Pylori infection, 26 November 2015. http://health.gov.za/
xii Proton pump inhibitor, oral (H.pylori +ve): Leontiadis GI, Sharma VK, Howden CW. Proton pump inhibitor therapy for peptic ulcer bleeding: Cochrane collaboration meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Mar;82(3):286-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352364 Proton pump inhibitor, oral (H.pylori +ve): Neumann I, Letelier LM, Rada G, Claro JC, Martin J, Howden CW, Yuan Y, Leontiadis GI. Comparison of different regimens of proton pump inhibitors for acute peptic ulcer bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 12;6:CD007999. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23760821 Proton pump inhibitor, oral (H.pylori +ve): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016. Proton pump inhibitor, oral (therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: PPIs, therapeutic class review, April, 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/ Proton pump inhibitor, oral (therapeutic class): McDonagh MS, Carson S, Thakurta S. Drug Class Review: Proton Pump Inhibitors: Final Report Update 5 [Internet]. Portland (OR): Oregon Health & Science University; 2009 May. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47260/ Proton pump inhibitor, oral (therapeutic class): National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia in adults: investigation and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg184
xiii Proton pump inhibitor, oral (therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: PPIs, therapeutic class review, April, 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/ Proton pump inhibitor, oral (therapeutic class): McDonagh MS, Carson S, Thakurta S. Drug Class Review: Proton Pump Inhibitors: Final Report Update 5 [Internet]. Portland (OR): Oregon Health & Science University; 2009 May. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47260/ Proton pump inhibitor, oral (therapeutic class): National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia in adults: investigation and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg184
xiv Proton pump inhibitor, oral (therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: PPIs, therapeutic class review, April, 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/ Proton pump inhibitor, oral (therapeutic class): McDonagh MS, Carson S, Thakurta S. Drug Class Review: Proton Pump Inhibitors: Final Report Update 5 [Internet]. Portland (OR): Oregon Health & Science University; 2009 May. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47260/ Proton pump inhibitor, oral (therapeutic class): National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia in adults: investigation and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg184
xv Fresh frozen plasma/ Lyophilised plasma: Williamson LM, Llewelyn CA, Fisher NC, Allain JP, Bellamy MC, Baglin TP, Freeman J, Klinck JR, Ala FA, Smith N, Neuberger J, Wreghitt TG. A randomized trial of solvent/detergenttreated and standard fresh-frozen plasma in the coagulopathy of liver disease and liver transplantation. Transfusion. 1999 Nov-Dec;39(11-12):1227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10604250
xvi Spironolactone: Runyon BA; AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. Hepatology. 2009 Jun;49(6):2087-107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475696 Spironolactone: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016. Furosemide:Runyon BA; AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. Hepatology. 2009 Jun;49(6):2087-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475696
xvii Albumin, IV: AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. Hepatology. 2009 Jun;49(6):2087-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475696 Albumin, IV: Bernardi M, Caraceni P, Navickis RJ, Wilkes MM. Albumin infusion in patients undergoing largevolume paracentesis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Hepatology. 2012 Apr;55(4):1172-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095893
xviii Albumin, IV: AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. Hepatology. 2009 Jun;49(6):2087-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475696 Albumin, IV: Bernardi M, Caraceni P, Navickis RJ, Wilkes MM. Albumin infusion in patients undergoing largevolume paracentesis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Hepatology. 2012 Apr;55(4):1172-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095893
xix Propranolol, oral: Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, Bosch J. Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: Risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 2017 Jan;65(1):310-335. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27786365 Propranolol, oral: Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, Patch D, Millson C, Mehrzad H, Austin A, Ferguson JW, Olliff SP, Hudson M, Christie JM; Clinical Services and Standards Committee of the British Society of Gastroenterology. U.K. guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015 Nov;64(11):1680-704. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380
xx Management of chronic hepatitis B infection: European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017 Aug;67(2):370-398. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427875
xxi Tenofovir: Marcellin P, Gane E, Buti M, Afdhal N, Sievert W, Jacobson IM, Washington MK, Germanidis G, Flaherty JF, Schall RA, Bornstein JD, Kitrinos KM, Subramanian GM, McHutchison JG, Heathcote EJ. Regression of cirrhosis during treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic hepatitis B: a 5-year open-label follow up study. Lancet.2013;381:468–75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23234725 Tenofovir: World Health Organisation. Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection, March 2015. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/hepatitis/hepatitis-b-guidelines/en/
xxii TAF – eGFR 15-50: Addendum: Use of TAF for adults with Hepatitis B (non-HIV co-infected (Addendum to original NDoH Evidence Summary: Use of TAF for adults with HIV v5.0_1July 2024
xxiii Metronidazole, oral: Ravdin JI. Amebiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Jun;20(6):1453-64; quiz 1465-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7548493 Metronidazole, oral: Wuerz T, Kane JB, Boggild AK, Krajden S, Keystone JS, Fuksa M, Kain KC, Warren R, Kempston J, Anderson J. A review of amoebic liver abscess for clinicians in a nonendemic setting. Can J Gastroenterol. 2012 Oct;26(10):729-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23061067
xxiv Ringers lactate -): Global Task Force on Cholera Control. October 2019. National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Data on file, 2023
xxv Ciprofloxacin, oral (stat dose): National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Data on file, 2023. Global Task Force on Cholera Control. October 2019.
xxvi Loperamide (max dose). Package Insert. Imodium. Johnson & Johnson (Pty) Ltd.Renewal of authorisation 04 March 2005.
xxvii Antibiotic therapy for CDI (metronidazole oral/IV, vancomycin, oral): McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Bakken JS, Carroll KC, Coffin SE, Dubberke ER, Garey KW, Gould CV, Kelly C, Loo V, Shaklee Sammons J, Sandora TJ, Wilcox MH. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Mar 19;66(7):987-994. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29562266 Antibiotic therapy for CDI (metronidazole oral/IV, vancomycin, oral): Nelson RL, Suda KJ, Evans CT. Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 3;3:CD004610. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28257555 Antibiotic therapy for CDI (metronidazole oral/IV, vancomycin, oral): Stevens VW, Nelson RE, Schwab-Daugherty EM, Khader K, Jones MM, Brown KA, Greene T, Croft LD, Neuhauser M, Glassman P, Goetz MB, Samore MH, Rubin MA. Comparative Effectiveness of Vancomycin and Metronidazole for the Prevention of Recurrence and Death in Patients With Clostridium difficile Infection. JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Apr 1;177(4):546-553. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28166328 Antibiotic therapy for CDI (metronidazole oral/IV, vancomycin, oral): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Systemic antibiotics for Enterocolitis due to Clostridium difficile, August, 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/
xxviii Metronidazole, oral: Marie C, Petri WA Jr. Amoebic dysentery. BMJ ClinEvid. 2013 Aug 30;2013. pii: 0918. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23991750 Metronidazole, oral: Gonzales ML, Dans LF, Martinez EG. Antiamoebic drugs for treating amoebic colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD006085. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370624
Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Adult Hospital level, 2020-4_Version 1_July 2024
Chapter 1: Alimentary tract; References - Alimentary Tract