References - Anaesthesiology, Pain and Intensive Care
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition
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[1] Anaesthetics and sedatives: World Health Organisation. WHO model prescribing information: Drugs used in anaesthesia, 1994. https://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2929e/2.html
[2] Lorazepam, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[3] Midazolam, IV: Walker KJ, Smith AF. Premedication for anxiety in adult day surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD002192. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821294
Midazloma, IV: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[4] Thiopental, IV (contraindication-porphyria): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[5] Sevoflurane: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Medicine review: Sevoflurane, 5 March 2015. http://health.gov.za/
Sevoflurane: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Cost analysis report for halothane
versus sevoflurane for induction of anaesthesia in adults at hospital level, 10 September 2015. http://health.gov.za/
[6] Suxamethonium: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[7] Intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking agents: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
Intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking agents: Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary.
London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press; 2019.
[8] Vecuronium: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[9] Suxamethonium: Perry JJ, Lee JS, Sillberg VA, Wells GA. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD002788. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425883
[10] Rocuronium: Perry JJ, Lee JS, Sillberg VA, Wells GA. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD002788. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425883
Rocuronium: Contract circular price: HP06-2014SVP. http://health.gov.za/
Rocuronium: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Medicine review: Rocuronium for
muscle relaxation for rapid sequence induction, 31 March 2015. http://health.gov.za/
[11] Neostigmine: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[12] Atropine: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[13] Glycopyrrolate: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[14] Paracetamol, oral: The South African Society of Anaesthesiologists. South African Acute Pain Guidelines. SAJAA 2009;15(6):1-120. http://www.sasaweb.com/content/images/SASA_Pain_Guidelines.pdf
Paracetamol: Bandolier. Oxford league table of analgesics in acute pain. Available at:
http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/acutrev/analgesics/leagtab.html
[15] Tramadol, oral: The South African Society of Anaesthesiologists. South African Acute Pain Guidelines. SAJAA 2009;15(6):1-120. http://www.sasaweb.com/content/images/SASA_Pain_Guidelines.pdf
[16] Ibuprofen, oral: The South African Society of Anaesthesiologists. South African Acute Pain Guidelines. SAJAA 2009;15(6):1-120. http://www.sasaweb.com/content/images/SASA_Pain_Guidelines.pdf
[17] Fentanyl, IV: The South African Society of Anaesthesiologists. South African Acute Pain Guidelines. SAJAA 2009;15(6):1-120. http://www.sasaweb.com/content/images/SASA_Pain_Guidelines.pdf
Fentanyl, IV: Scholz J, Steinfath M, Schulz M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of alfentanil, fentanyl and sufentanil. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1996 Oct;31(4):275-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8896944
[18] Morphine, IV (dosing): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[19] Ketamine, IV: McNicol ED, Schumann R, Haroutounian S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of ketamine for the prevention of persistent post-surgical pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014 Nov;58(10):1199-213.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25060512
Ketamine, IV: Brinck EC, Tiippana E, Heesen M, Bell RF, Straube S, Moore RA, Kontinen V. Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 20;12:CD012033. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30570761
[20] Tramadol, IV: Houmes RJ, Voets MA, Verkaaik A, Erdmann W, Lachmann B. Efficacy and safety of tramadol versus morphine for moderate and severe postoperative pain with special regard to respiratory depression. Anesth Analg. 1992 Apr;74(4):510-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1554117
Tramadol, IV: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Medicine review: Tramadolol, IV July 2015. http://health.gov.za/
[21] Diclofenac, IM (potential for scarring): Tarloff D, Lamacraft G, Joubert G. The prevalence of skin scars in patients previously given intramuscular diclofenac injections attending the Pain Clinic at Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2017 Jan 30;107(2):101-105. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28220730
[22] Ward prescriptions for postoperative analgesia according to anticipated pain severity: The South African Society of Anaesthesiologists. South African Acute Pain Guidelines. SAJAA 2009;15(6):1-120.
http://www.sasaweb.com/content/images/SASA_Pain_Guidelines.pdf
[23] Patient controlled analgesia: Hudcova J, McNicol E, Quah C, Lau J, Carr DB. Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus conventional opioid analgesia for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD003348. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;6:CD003348.. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054167
[24] Diclofenac, IM (potential for scarring): Tarloff D, Lamacraft G, Joubert G. The prevalence of skin scars in patients previously given intramuscular diclofenac injections attending the Pain Clinic at Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2017 Jan 30;107(2):101-105. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28220730
[25] Ringer Lactate, IV: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Ringer Lactate for resuscitation in adults, updated review, August 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Ringer Lactate, IV: Antequera Martin AM, Barea Mendoza JA, Muriel A, Saez I, Chico-Fernandez M, Estrada- Lorenzo JM, et al. Buffered solutions versus 0.9% saline for resuscitation in critically ill adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jul 19;7:CD012247. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31334842
Ringer Lactate, IV: Liu C, Lu G, Wang D, Lei Y, Mao Z, Hu P, Hu J, Liu R, Han D, Zhou F. Balanced crystalloids versus normal saline for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2019 Mar 1. pii: S0735-6757(19)30149-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3085204
Ringer Lactate, IV: Brown RM, Wang L, Coston TD, Krishnan NI, Casey JD, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced Crystalloids Versus Saline in Sepsis: A Secondary Analysis of the SMART Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Aug 27. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201903-0557OC. [Epub ahead of print]
Ringer Lactate, IV: Rochwerg B, Alhazzani W, Sindi A, Heels-Ansdell D, Thabane L, Fox-Robichaud A, et al. Fluid resuscitation in sepsis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(5):347–55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/250474
[26] Dantrolene, IV: Kolb ME, Horne ML, Martz R. Dantrolene in human malignant hyperthermia. Anesthesiology. 1982 Apr;56(4):254-62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7039419
Dantrolene, IV: Flewellen EH, Nelson TE, Jones WP, Arens JF, Wagner DL. Dantrolene dose response in awake man: implications for management of malignant hyperthermia. Anesthesiology. 1983 Oct;59(4):275-80. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6614536
Dantrolene, IV: Larach MG, Brandom BW, Allen GC, Gronert GA, Lehman EB. Cardiac arrests and deaths associated with malignant hyperthermia in north america from 1987 to 2006: a report from the north American malignant hyperthermia registry of the malignant hyperthermia association of the United States. Anesthesiology. 2008 Apr;108(4):603-11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18362591
Dantrolene, IV: Chapin et al. Medscape: Malignant Hyperthermia Treatment & Management, 28 November 2018. [Internet][Accessed 2 December 2019] https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2231150-treatment#d11
Dantrolene, IV: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
27 Oxygen: Neal JM, Mulroy MF, Weinberg GL; American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.
American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine checklist for managing local anesthetic systemic toxicity: 2012 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;37(1):16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189574
Diazepam, IV: Neal JM, Mulroy MF, Weinberg GL; American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine checklist for managing local anesthetic systemic toxicity: 2012 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;37(1):16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189574
Adrenaline (epinephrine): Neal JM, Mulroy MF, Weinberg GL; American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine checklist for managing local anesthetic systemic toxicity: 2012 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;37(1):16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189574
[28] Lipid emulsion (20%), IV: Jamaty C, Bailey B, Larocque A, Notebaert E, Sanogo K, Chauny JM. Lipid emulsions in the treatment of acute poisoning: a systematic review of human and animal studies. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010 Jan;48(1):1-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20095812
Lipid emulsion (20%), IV: Neal JM, Mulroy MF, Weinberg GL; American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine checklist for managing local anesthetic systemic toxicity: 2012 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;37(1):16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189574
Lipid emulsion (20%), IV: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Cost analysis report for intralipid 20% emulsion for local anesthetic systemic toxicity, 8 October 2015. http://health.gov.za/
[29] Ephedrine, IV: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[30] Phenylephrine, IV: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[31] Labetalol, Scott DB. The use of labetalol in anaesthesia. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982 Jun;13(1 Suppl):133S-135S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7093097
Labetalol, IV: Varon J, Marik PE. Perioperative hypertension management. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2008;4(3):615-627. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18827911
[32] Dexamethasone, IV: Carlisle JB, Stevenson CA. Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856030
Ondansetron, IV: Carlisle JB, Stevenson CA. Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856030
Promethazine, IV: Carlisle JB, Stevenson CA. Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856030
[33] Ondansetron, IV/IM (PONV): Zhang D, Shen Z, You J, Zhu X, Tang QF. Effect of ondansetron in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting under different conditions of general anesthesia: a preliminary, randomized, controlled study. Ups J Med Sci. 2013 May;118(2):87-90. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23441598
Ondansetron, IV/IM (PONV): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[34] Sodium citrate, solution: Paranjothy S, Griffiths JD, Broughton HK, Gyte GM, Brown HC, Thomas J. Interventions at caesarean section for reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 5;2:CD004943. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24497372
Sodium citrate solution: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Medicine review: Sodium citrate solution to reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonitis in patients undergoing Caeserean section. September 2015. http://health.gov.za/
[35] Timing of anticoagulants: The BRIDGE Study Investigators .Bridging Anticoagulation: Is it Needed When Warfarin Is Interrupted Around the Time of Surgery or a Procedure? Circulation 2012;125:e496-e498. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22451610
Timing of anticoagulants: Horlocker TT, Vandermeuelen E, Kopp SL, Gogarten W, Leffert LR, Benzon HT. Regional Anesthesia in the Patient Receiving Antithrombotic or Thrombolytic Therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (Fourth Edition). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Apr;43(3):263-309. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29561531
[36] Bupivicaine, 0.5%: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[37] Lidocaine 1% or 2%: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
Lidocaine 2% plus adrenaline: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
Bupivicaine 0.5%: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[38] Lidocaine topical jelly: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[39] Lidocaine topical spray: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
[40] Lidocaine/prilocaine, topical cream, 2.5/2.5%.: Sharma SK, Gajraj NM, Sidawi JE, Lowe K. EMLA cream effectively reduces the pain of spinal needle insertion. Regional anesthesia. 1996 Nov-Dec;21(6):561-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8956393
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2024 Edition