References - Blood and Blood Forming Organs
i Ferrous sulfate/fumarate, oral: Reveiz L, Gyte GM, Cuervo LG, Casasbuenas A. Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD003094. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975735 Ferrous sulfate/fumarate, oral : Rimon E, Kagansky N, Kagansky M, Mechnick L, Mashiah T, Namir M, Levy S. Are we giving too much iron? Low-dose iron therapy is effectiv
i Ferrous sulfate/fumarate, oral: Reveiz L, Gyte GM, Cuervo LG, Casasbuenas A. Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD003094. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975735 Ferrous sulfate/fumarate, oral : Rimon E, Kagansky N, Kagansky M, Mechnick L, Mashiah T, Namir M, Levy S. Are we giving too much iron? Low-dose iron therapy is effective in octogenarians. Am J Med. 2005 Oct;118(10):1142-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16194646
Ferrous sulfate/fumarate, oral (duration of therapy): Alleyne M, Horne MK, Miller JL. Individualized treatment for irondeficiency anemia in adults. Am J Med. 2008 Nov;121(11):943-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18954837 Ferrous sulfate/fumarate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
ii Ferrous sulfate/fumarate, oral (alternate day dosing – treatment of anaemia): Moretti D, Goede JS, Zeder C, Jiskra M, Chatzinakou V, Tjalsma H, Melse-Boonstra A, Brittenham G, Swinkels DW, Zimmermann MB. Oral iron supplements increase hepcidin and decrease iron absorption from daily or twice-daily doses in iron-depleted young women. Blood. 2015 Oct 22;126(17):1981-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26289639
Ferrous sulfate/fumarate, oral (alternate day dosing – treatment of anaemia: Stoffel NU, Cercamondi CI, Brittenham G, Zeder C, Geurts-Moespot AJ, Swinkels DW, Moretti D, Zimmermann MB. Iron absorption from oral iron supplements given on consecutive versus alternate days and as single morning doses versus twice-daily split dosing in iron-depleted women: two open-label, randomised controlled trials. Lancet Haematol. 2017 Nov;4(11):e524-e533. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29032957
iii Parenteral iron (hypotensive side-effect): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
iv Parenteral iron (directions for use): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
v Low molecular weight iron dextran: Atalay H, Solak Y, Acar K, Govec N, Turk S. Safety profiles of total dose infusion of low-molecular-weight iron dextran and high-dose iron sucrose in renal patients. Hemodial Int. 2011 Jul;15(3):374- 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21564503
Low molecular weight iron dextran: Solak Y, Atalay H, Guney I, Turkmen K, Kaya E, Turk S. Comparison of adverse-event profiles of intravenous low-molecular-weight iron dextran and iron sucrose in peritoneal dialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2011;33(3):307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21401355
vi Iron prophylaxis (pregnancy): Tunkyi K, Moodley J. Prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy in a regional health facility in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015;106(1):101-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26792317
vii Iron prophylaxis (pregnancy): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care level. Medicine Review: Intermittent iron supplementation in pregnancy: 6 November 2017. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Iron prophylaxis (pregnancy): Pena-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Gomez Malave H, Flores-Urrutia MC, Dowswell T. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2015(10):CD009997. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26482110
viii Vitamin B12, IM (dosing for uncomplicated pernicious anaemia): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
Vitamin B12, IM (dosing for uncomplicated pernicious anaemia): Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. 80. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press; 2020.
ix Prednisone: Neunert C, Lim W, Crowther M, Cohen A, Solberg L Jr, Crowther MA; American Society of Hematology. The American Society of Hematology 2011 evidence-based practice guideline for immune thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2011 Apr 21;117(16):4190-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325604
x Immunosuppresive therapy (e.g. Azathioprine): Hitzig WH, Massimo L. Treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children with azathioprine (imuran). Blood. 1966 Dec;28(6):840-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5959475
Immunosuppresive therapy (e.g. Azathioprine): Worlledge SM, Brain MC, Cooper AC, Hobbs JR, Dacie JV. Immmunosuppressive drugs in the treatment of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Proc R Soc Med. 1968 Dec 12;61(12):1312-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4177973
xi Heparin, SC: Collins R, Scrimgeour A, Yusuf S, Peto R. Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin. Overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery. N Engl J Med. 1988 May 5;318(18):1162-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3283548
Low molecular weight heparin (first line option - treatment): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDPAdult Hospital Level. Cost-effectiveness and budget impact analyses: Fondaparinux for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalised patients in the South African public health system, April 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
xii Low molecular weight heparin (morbid obesity): Lalama JT, Feeney ME, Vandiver JW, Beavers KD, Walter LN, McClintic JR. Assessing an enoxaparin dosing protocol in morbidly obese patients. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2015 May;39(4):516-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25087072
Low molecular weight heparin (morbid obesity): Spinler SA, Inverso SM, Cohen M, Goodman SG, Stringer KA, Antman EM; ESSENCE and TIMI 11B Investigators. Safety and efficacy of unfractionated heparin versus enoxaparin in patients who are obese and patients with severe renal impairment: analysis from the ESSENCE and TIMI 11B studies. Am Heart J. 2003 Jul;146(1):33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12851605
Low molecular weight heparin (morbid obesity): Thompson-Moore NR, Wanat MA, Putney DR, Liebl PH, Chandler WL, Muntz JE. Evaluation and Pharmacokinetics of Treatment Dose Enoxaparin in Hospitalized Patients With Morbid Obesity. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2015 Sep;21(6):513-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25601898
Low molecular weight heparin (morbid obesity): Freeman A, Horner T, Pendleton RC, Rondina MT. Prospective comparison of three enoxaparin dosing regimens to achieve target anti-factor Xa levels in hospitalized, medically ill patients with extreme obesity. Am J Hematol. 2012 Jul;87(7):740-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22565589
xiii Low molecular weight heparin (renal impairment): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xiv Neutropaenia – urgent empiric management: Wein L, Wein S, Haas SJ, Shaw J, Krum H. Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA, Boeckh MJ, Ito JI, Mullen CA, Raad II, Rolston KV, Young JA, Wingard JR; Infectious Diseases Society of Americaa. Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 15;52(4):427-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21205990
Neutropaenia – urgent empiric management: National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Prevention and treatment of cancer-related infections, 2018 http://www.nccn.org
xv Piperacillin/taxobactam dose: Stanford Hospital and Clinics (SHC). SHC-Extended-Infusion-PiperacillinTazobactam.pdf (stanford.edu)
Package Insert – Tazocin. Pfizer Laboratories (Pty) Ltd. 02 May 2002.
xvi Piperacillin/taxobactam and amikacin: Nau R, Kinzig-Schippers M, Sörgel F, Schinschke S, Rössing R, Müller C, Kolenda H, Prange HW. Kinetics of piperacillin and tazobactam in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of hydrocephalic patients.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997 May;41(5):987-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9145857 Piperacillin/taxobactam and amikacin: NICD AMR surveillance for ESKAPE, 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2016.
xvii Cefipime, IV (2 g): NICD AMR surveillance for ESKAPE, 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2016.
Cefipime, IV (2 g): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.
xviii G C White 2nd, Rosendaal F, Aledort LM, Lusher JM, Rothschild C, Ingerslev J0; Factor VIII and Factor IX Subcommittee. Definitions in hemophilia. Recommendation of the scientific subcommittee on factor VIII and factor IX of the scientific and standardization committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Mar;85(3):560.
xix Lyophilised plasma: Bindi ML, Miccoli M, Marietta M, Meacci L, Esposito M, Bisà M, Mozzo R, Mazzoni A, Baggiani A, Scatena F, Filipponi F, Biancofiore G. Solvent detergent vs. fresh frozen plasma in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplant surgery: a prospective randomized control study. Vox Sang. 2013 Aug;105(2):137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448618
Lyophilised plasma: Lerner RG, Nelson J, Sorcia E, Grima K, Kancherla RR, Zarou-Naimo CM, Pehta JC. Evaluation of solvent/detergent-treated plasma in patients with a prolonged prothrombin time. Vox Sang. 2000;79(3):161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11111235
Lyophilised plasma: Williamson LM, Llewelyn CA, Fisher NC, Allain JP, Bellamy MC, Baglin TP, Freeman J, Klinck JR, Ala FA, Smith N, Neuberger J, Wreghitt TG. A randomized trial of solvent/detergent-treated and standard fresh-frozen plasma in the coagulopathy of liver disease and liver transplantation. Transfusion. 1999 Nov-Dec;39(11-12):1227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10604250
Lyophilised plasma: Huisman EL, de Silva SU, de Peuter MA. Economic evaluation of pooled solvent/detergent treated plasma versus single donor fresh-frozen plasma in patients receiving plasma transfusions in the United States. Transfus Apher Sci. 2014 Aug;51(1):17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25151097
Lyophilised plasma: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital Level. Price comparison analysis, updated: Fresh frozen plasma vs lyophilised plasma, September 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
xx Factor VIII: World Federation of Haemophilia. 2012. Guidelines for Management of Haemophilia. http://www1.wfh.org/publication/files/pdf-1472.pdf
Factor VIII: Mahlangu JN, Gilham A. Guideline for the Treatment of Haemophilia in South Africa. S Afr Med J 2008; 98: 125-140. http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/336/723
xxi Factor IX: World Federation of Haemophilia. 2012. Guidelines for Management of Haemophilia. http://www1.wfh.org/publication/files/pdf-1472.pdf
Factor IX: Mahlangu JN, Gilham A. Guideline for the Treatment of Haemophilia in South Africa. S Afr Med J 2008; 98: 125- 140. http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/336/723
xxii Prednisone, oral: Provan D, Stasi R, Newland AC, Blanchette VS, Bolton-Maggs P, Bussel JB, Chong BH, Cines DB, Gernsheimer TB, Godeau B, Grainger J, Greer I, Hunt BJ, Imbach PA, Lyons G, McMillan R, Rodeghiero F, Sanz MA, Tarantino M, Watson S, Young J, Kuter DJ. International consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2010 Jan 14;115(2):168-86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9846889
Prednisone, oral: Neunert C, Lim W, Crowther M, Cohen A, Solberg L Jr, Crowther MA; American Society of Hematology. The American Society of Hematology 2011 evidence-based practice guideline for immune thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2011 Apr 21;117(16):4190-207. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325604
xxiii Methylprednisolone, IV: Alpdogan O, Budak-Alpdogan T, Ratip S, Firatli-Tuglular T, Tanriverdi S, Karti S, Bayik M, Akoglu T. Efficacy of high-dose methylprednisolone as a first-line therapy in adult patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol. 1998 Dec;103(4):1061-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9886319
xxiv Lyophilised plasma: Bindi ML, Miccoli M, Marietta M, Meacci L, Esposito M, Bisà M, Mozzo R, Mazzoni A, Baggiani A, Scatena F, Filipponi F, Biancofiore G. Solvent detergent vs. fresh frozen plasma in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplant surgery: a prospective randomized control study. Vox Sang. 2013 Aug;105(2):137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448618
Lyophilised plasma: Lerner RG, Nelson J, Sorcia E, Grima K, Kancherla RR, Zarou-Naimo CM, Pehta JC. Evaluation of solvent/detergent-treated plasma in patients with a prolonged prothrombin time. Vox Sang. 2000;79(3):161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11111235
Lyophilised plasma: Williamson LM, Llewelyn CA, Fisher NC, Allain JP, Bellamy MC, Baglin TP, Freeman J, Klinck JR, Ala FA, Smith N, Neuberger J, Wreghitt TG. A randomized trial of solvent/detergent-treated and standard fresh-frozen plasma in the coagulopathy of liver disease and liver transplantation. Transfusion. 1999 Nov-Dec;39(11-12):1227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10604250
Lyophilised plasma: Huisman EL, de Silva SU, de Peuter MA. Economic evaluation of pooled solvent/detergent treated plasma versus single donor fresh-frozen plasma in patients receiving plasma transfusions in the United States. Transfus ApherSci. 2014 Aug;51(1):17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25151097
Lyophilised plasma: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital Level. Price comparison analysis, updated: Fresh frozen plasma vs lyophilised plasma, September 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
xxv Lyophilised plasma: Bindi ML, Miccoli M, Marietta M, Meacci L, Esposito M, Bisà M, Mozzo R, Mazzoni A, Baggiani A, Scatena F, Filipponi F, Biancofiore G. Solvent detergent vs. fresh frozen plasma in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplant surgery: a prospective randomized control study. Vox Sang. 2013 Aug;105(2):137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448618
Lyophilised plasma: Lerner RG, Nelson J, Sorcia E, Grima K, Kancherla RR, Zarou-Naimo CM, Pehta JC. Evaluation of solvent/detergent-treated plasma in patients with a prolonged prothrombin time. Vox Sang. 2000;79(3):161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11111235
Lyophilised plasma: Williamson LM, Llewelyn CA, Fisher NC, Allain JP, Bellamy MC, Baglin TP, Freeman J, Klinck JR, Ala FA, Smith N, Neuberger J, Wreghitt TG. A randomized trial of solvent/detergent-treated and standard fresh-frozen plasma in the coagulopathy of liver disease and liver transplantation. Transfusion. 1999 Nov-Dec;39(11-12):1227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10604250
Lyophilised plasma: Huisman EL, de Silva SU, de Peuter MA. Economic evaluation of pooled solvent/detergent treated plasma versus single donor fresh-frozen plasma in patients receiving plasma transfusions in the United States. Transfus Apher Sci. 2014 Aug;51(1):17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25151097
Lyophilised plasma: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital Level. Price comparison analysis, updated: Fresh frozen plasma vs lyophilised plasma, September 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicineslist http://www.health.gov.za/
xxvi Non-pharmacological management – VTE prophylaxis: Goldhaber SZ, Turpie AG. Prevention of venous thromboembolism among hospitalized medical patients. Circulation. 2005 Jan 4;111(1):e1-3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15630031
xxvii NDoH review. DOACS for prevention of VTE. V6.0_12 October 2023
xxviii Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin dosing in renal impairment): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xxix Heparin, SC: Collins R, Scrimgeour A, Yusuf S, Peto R. Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin. Overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery. N Engl J Med. 1988 May 5;318(18):1162-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3283548
Heparin, SC (dosing in renal impairment): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xxx NDoH review. Aspirin for VTE prophylaxis. V1.0_12 October 2023
xxxi NDoH review. DOACS for prevention of VTE. V6.0_12 October 2023
NDoH. Adaptation of NICE Guidance 30 November 2023
xxxii Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin dosing in renal impairment): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xxxiii Heparin, SC: Collins R, Scrimgeour A, Yusuf S, Peto R. Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin. Overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery. N Engl J Med. 1988 May 5;318(18):1162-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3283548
Heparin, SC (dosing in renal impairment): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xxxiv DOACS (treatment of VTE): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital Level. Medicine Review. DOACs: Treatment of DVT&PE_Adults_v6.0_30 November 2023.
xxxv Low molecular weight heparin (first line option - treatment): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDPAdult Hospital Level. Medicine Review LMWH vs. UFH for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism and acute coronary syndromes, April 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/
Low molecular weight heparin (first line option - treatment): Junqueira DR, Zorzela LM, Perini E. Unfractionated heparin versus low molecular weight heparins for avoiding heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in postoperative patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 21;4:CD007557. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28431186
Low molecular weight heparin (first line option - treatment): Wein L, Wein S, Haas SJ, Shaw J, Krum H. Pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jul 23;167(14):1476-86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17646601
Low molecular weight heparin (first line option - treatment): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDPAdult Hospital Level. Cost-effectiveness and budget impact analyses: Fondaparinux for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in medical and surgical patients in hospitalised patients in the South African public health system, April 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/
xxxvi Enoxaparin, SC (dosing for treatment of VTE): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital Level. Medicine Review LMWH vs. UFH for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism and acute coronary syndromes – Appendix A, April 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/
Low molecular weight heparin (dosing for treatment of VTE): Bhutia S, Wong PF. Once versus twice daily low molecular weight heparin for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul;(7):CD003074. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23857562
xxxvii Low molecular weight heparin (morbid obesity): Lalama JT, Feeney ME, Vandiver JW, Beavers KD, Walter LN, McClintic JR. Assessing an enoxaparin dosing protocol in morbidly obese patients. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2015 May;39(4):516-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25087072
Low molecular weight heparin (morbid obesity): Spinler SA, Inverso SM, Cohen M, Goodman SG, Stringer KA, Antman EM; ESSENCE and TIMI 11B Investigators. Safety and efficacy of unfractionated heparin versus enoxaparin in patients who areobese and patients with severe renal impairment: analysis from the ESSENCE and TIMI 11B studies. Am Heart J. 2003 Jul;146(1):33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12851605
Low molecular weight heparin (morbid obesity): Thompson-Moore NR, Wanat MA, Putney DR, Liebl PH, Chandler WL, Muntz JE. Evaluation and Pharmacokinetics of Treatment Dose Enoxaparin in Hospitalized Patients With Morbid Obesity. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2015 Sep;21(6):513-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25601898
Low molecular weight heparin (morbid obesity): Freeman A, Horner T, Pendleton RC, Rondina MT. Prospective comparison of three enoxaparin dosing regimens to achieve target anti-factor Xa levels in hospitalized, medically ill patients with extreme obesity. Am J Hematol. 2012 Jul;87(7):740-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22565589
xxxviii Low molecular weight heparin (renal impairment): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
xxxix Warfarin, oral (directions for use): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xl Thrombosis and Embolism during Pregnancy and the Puerperium: Acute Management (Green-top Guideline No. 37b) [Internet]. RCOG. [cited 2022 Nov 1]. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-topguidelines/thrombosis-and-embolism-during-pregnancy-and-the-puerperium-acute-management-green-top-guideline-no37b/
xli VTE LMWH prophylaxis (pregnancy): Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO. VTE, Thrombophilia, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb 1;141(2, Supplement):e691S-e736S. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22315276/
xlii VTE LMWH prophylaxis – fixed doses (pregnancy): Bistervels IM, Buchmüller A, Wiegers HMG, Ní Áinle F, Tardy B, Donnelly J, et al; Highlow Block writing committee; Highlow Investigators. Intermediate-dose versus low-dose lowmolecular-weight heparin in pregnant and post-partum women with a history of venous thromboembolism (Highlow study): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2022 Oct 28:S0140-6736(22)02128-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36354038/
xliii Enoxaparin (skin reactions): Schindewolf M, Lindhoff-Last E, Ludwig RJ, Boehncke WH. Heparin-induced skin lesions. Lancet. 2012 Nov 24;380(9856):1867-79. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60409-7. Epub 2012 May 28. PMID: 22642893.
Schindewolf M, Gobst C, Kroll H, et al. Pregnant women have an increased risk for heparin-induced allergic skin reactions—results of a prospective investigation. Vasa 2010; 39: 61–62 (abstract).
xliv VTE LMWH prophylaxis – fixed doses (pregnancy): Bistervels IM, Buchmüller A, Wiegers HMG, Ní Áinle F, Tardy B, Donnelly J, et al; Highlow Block writing committee; Highlow Investigators. Intermediate-dose versus low-dose lowmolecular-weight heparin in pregnant and post-partum women with a history of venous thromboembolism (Highlow study): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2022 Oct 28:S0140-6736(22)02128-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36354038/
Management of DVT prophylaxis in pregnancy: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital Level. Evidence Summary: LMWH for VTE prophylaxis during pregnancy, November 2022. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
xlv Enoxaparin, SC (dosing for treatment of VTE): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital Level. Medicine Review LMWH vs. UFH for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism and acute coronary syndromes – Appendix A, April 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatmentguidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Low molecular weight heparin (dosing for treatment of VTE): Bhutia S, Wong PF. Once versus twice daily low molecular weight heparin for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul;(7):CD003074. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23857562
xlvi VTE LMWH acute treatment (pregnancy): Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO. VTE, Thrombophilia, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb 1;141(2, Supplement):e691S-e736S. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22315276/
Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Adult Hospital level_Version 1_30 March 2026
Chapter 2: Blood and Blood Forming Organs; References