References - Cardiovascular Conditions
References - Cardiovascular Conditions
1 Risk factors for prevention of ischaemic heart disease and atherosclerosis (diabetes): de Vries FM, Kolthof J, Postma MJ, Denig P, Hak E. Efficacy of standard and intensive statin treatment for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in diabetes patients: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 5;9(11):e111247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372483
2 Risk factors for prevention of ischaemic heart disease and atherosclerosis (psychological stress): Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L; INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004 Sep 11-17:364(9438):937-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15364185
3 Ideal BMI: McGee DL. McGee DL; Diverse Populations Collaboration. Body mass index and mortality: a meta-analysis based on person-level data from twenty-six observational studies. Ann Epidemiol. 2005 Feb;15(2):87-97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15652713/
Ideal BMI: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in cooperation with The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults, September 1998. Report No.: 98-4083. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2003/
4 Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose- comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
5 Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events - patients on protease inhibitors): Chastain DB, Stover KR, Riche DM. Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2017 Feb 22:8:6-14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29067253
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events - patients on protease inhibitors): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment- guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events - patients on protease inhibitors): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events patients on protease inhibitors): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
Atorvastatin, oral (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): University of Liverpool. HIV drug interaction database. https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/
6 Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): Nishio S, Watanabe H, Kosuge K, Uchida S, Hayashi H, Ohashi K. Interaction between amlodipine and simvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2005 28(3):223-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16097365
Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): Son H, Lee D, Lim LA, Jang SB, Roh H, Park K. Development of a pharmacokinetic interaction model for co-administration of simvastatin and amlodipine. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2014;29(2):120- 8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965645
Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
7 High dose statins (management of adverse drug reactions): NICE: Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Clinical guideline, 18 July 2014. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cq181
8 Aspirin, oral (stable angina): Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002 Jan 12:324(7329):71-86. Erratum in: BMJ 2002 Jan 19:324(7330):141.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786451
9 Nitrates, short acting: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Isosorbide dinitrate, sublingual (dosing): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
10Isosorbide mononitrate, oral: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Isosorbide mononitrate, oral: Thadani U, Lipicky RJ. Short and long-acting oral nitrates for stable angina pectoris. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994 Aug; 8(4):611-23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7848896
Isosorbide mononitrate, oral: Parker JO. Eccentric dosing with isosorbide-5-mononitrate in angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Oct 15 72(12):871-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8213541
Isosorbide mononitrate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
11 Organic nitrates (Isosorbide mononitrate and dinitrate, oral): Thadani U, Lipicky RJ. Short and long-acting oral nitrates for stable angina pectoris. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994 Aug 8(4):611-23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7848896
Organic nitrates (Isosorbide mononitrate and dinitrate, oral): Parker JO. Eccentric dosing with isosorbide-5-mononitrate in angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Oct 15:72(12):871-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8213541
12 Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential- medicines-list
Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
13 Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events - patients on protease inhibitors): Chastain DB, Stover KR, Riche DM. Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2017 Feb 22:8:6- 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29067253
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events - patients on protease inhibitors): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment- guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events patients on protease inhibitors): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events - patients on protease inhibitors): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events - patients on protease inhibitors): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
Atorvastatin, oral (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): University of Liverpool. HIV drug interaction database. https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/
14 Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): Lexicomp: Drug Interactions database. [Accessed 7 February 2018] Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/drug-interactions
15 High dose statins (management of adverse drug reactions): NICE: Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Clinical guideline, 18 July 2014. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181
16 Oxygen (medically ill patients): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Healthcare and Adult Hospital Level. Evidence summary oxygen therapy in acutely ill patients, 9 September 2021. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Oxygen (medically ill patients): Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, Zamiri N, Almenawer SA, Jaeschke R, Szczeklik W, Schünemann HJ, Neary JD, Alhazzani W. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28:391(10131):1693-1705. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345
Oxygen (medically ill patients): Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, Güell-Rous MR, Alhazzani W, Soccal PM, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30355567/
Oxygen (medically ill patients): Alves M, Prada L, Costa J, Ferreira JJ, Pinto FJ, Caldeira D. Effect of oxygen supply on mortality in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Emerg Med. 2021 Jan 1;28(1):11-18. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33079738/
17. Aspirin, oral (NSTEMI): Peters RJ, Mehta SR, Fox KA, Zhao F, Lewis BS, Kopecky SL, Diaz R, Commerford PJ, Valentin V, Yusuf S; Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) Trial Investigators. Effects of aspirin dose when used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) study. Circulation. 2003 Oct 7;108(14):1682-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504182
18 Nitrates, short acting: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Isosorbide dinitrate, sublingual (dosing): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
19 Aspirin, oral (NSTEMI): Peters RJ, Mehta SR, Fox KA, Zhao F, Lewis BS, Kopecky SL, Diaz R, Commerford PJ, Valentin V, Yusuf S; Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) Trial Investigators. Effects of aspirin dose when used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) study. Circulation. 2003 Oct 7:108(14):1682-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504182
20 Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential- medicines-list
Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
21 Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events - patients on protease inhibitors): Chastain DB, Stover KR, Riche DM. Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2017 Feb 22:8:6- 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29067253
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events - patients on protease inhibitors): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment- guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list 49 Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events patients on protease inhibitors): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events - patients on protease inhibitors): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
Atorvastatin, oral (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): University of Liverpool. HIV drug interaction database. https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/
22 Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): Lexicomp: Drug Interactions database. [Accessed 7 February 2018] Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/drug-interactions
23 High dose statins (management of adverse drug reactions): NICE: Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Clinical guideline, 18 July 2014. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181
24 Enalapril (cardiac failure/ LV dysfunction): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
25 Oxygen (medically ill patients): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Healthcare and Adult Hospital Level. Evidence summary oxygen therapy in acutely ill patients, 9 September 2021. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Oxygen (medically ill patients): Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, Zamiri N, Almenawer SA, Jaeschke R, Szczeklik W, Schünemann HJ, Neary JD, Alhazzani W. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28:391(10131):1693-1705. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345
Oxygen (medically ill patients): Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, Güell-Rous MR, Alhazzani W, Soccal PM, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30355567/
Oxygen (medically ill patients): Alves M, Prada L, Costa J, Ferreira JJ, Pinto FJ, Caldeira D. Effect of oxygen supply on mortality in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Emerg Med. 2021 Jan 1;28(1):11-18. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33079738/
26 Aspirin, oral (STEMI): Berger JS, Stebbins A, Granger CB, Ohman EM, Armstrong PW, Van de Werf F, White HD, Simes RJ, Harrington RA, Califf RM, Peterson ED. Initial aspirin dose and outcome among ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy. Circulation. 2008 Jan 15:117(2):192-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18086929
Aspirin, oral (STEMI): CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators, Mehta SR, Bassand JP, Chrolavicius S, Diaz R, Eikelboom JW, Fox KA, Granger CB, Jolly S, Joyner CD, Rupprecht HJ, Widimsky P, Afzal R, Pogue J, Yusuf S. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 2:363(10):930-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818903
27 Nitrates, short acting: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Isosorbide dinitrate, sublingual (dosing): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
28 Thrombolytics (Therapeutic class): Dundar Y, Hill R, Dickson R, Walley T. Comparative efficacy of thrombolytics in acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review. QJM Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2003;96(2):103-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12589008 64 Thrombolytics (Therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Thrombolytics, therapeutic class for STEMI, July 2015. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment- guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
29 Do not use heparin if streptokinase is given: Jinatongthai P, Kongwatcharapong J, Foo CY, Phrommintikul A, Nathisuwan S, Thakkinstian A, Reid CM, Chaiyakunapruk N. Comparative efficacy and safety of reperfusion therapy with fibrinolytic agents in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2017 Aug 19:390(10096):747- 759. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28831992 Do not use heparin if streptokinase is given: Eikelboom JW, Quinlan DJ, Mehta SR, Turpie AG, Menown IB, Yusuf S. Unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin as adjuncts to thrombolysis in aspirin-treated patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials. Circulation. 2005 Dec 20;112(25):3855-67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344381
30 Streptokinase: Squire IB, Lawley W, Fletcher S, Holme E, Hillis WS, Hewitt C, Woods KL. Humoral and cellular immune responses up to 7.5 years after administration of streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1999 Sep:20(17):1245- 52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10454976
Streptokinase: Boersma E, Maas AC, Deckers JW, Simoons ML. Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: reappraisal of the golden hour. Lancet. 1996 Sep 21:348(9030):771-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8813982
31 Aspirin, oral (stable angina): Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002 Jan 12:324(7329):71-86. Erratum in: BMJ 2002 Jan 19:324(7330):141. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786451
32 Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential- medicines-list
Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Rosuvastatin 10mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
33 Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events - patients on protease inhibitors): Chastain DB, Stover KR, Riche DM. Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2017 Feb 22:8:6- 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29067253
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events patients on protease inhibitors): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment- guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events patients on protease inhibitors): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events - patients on protease inhibitors): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
Atorvastatin, oral (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): University of Liverpool. HIV drug interaction database. https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/
34 Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): Lexicomp: Drug Interactions database. [Accessed 7 February 2018] Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/drug-interactions
35 High dose statins (management of adverse drug reactions): NICE: Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Clinical guideline, 18 July 2014. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181
36 Enalapril (cardiac failure/ LV dysfunction): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.
37 Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (mild CCF): Faris R, Flather M, Purcell H, Henein M, Poole-Wilson P, Coats A. Current evidence supporting the role of diuretics in heart failure: a meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Cardiol. 2002 Feb;82(2):149-58. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11853901/
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (mild CCF): McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-3726. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34447992/
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (mild CCF): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (skin cancer risk): Pedersen SA, Gaist D, Schmidt SAJ, Hölmich LR, Friis S, Pottegård A. Hydrochlorothiazide use and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer: A nationwide case-control study from Denmark. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Apr;78(4):673-681.e9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29217346
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (skin cancer risk): Pottegård A, Hallas J, Olesen M, Svendsen MT, Habel LA, Friedman GD, Friis S. Hydrochlorothiazide use is strongly associated with risk of lip cancer. J Intern Med. 2017 Oct:282(4):322-331. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28480532
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (skin cancer risk): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Updated Notice: Risk of skin cancer associated with hydrochlorothiazide, 6 March 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/
38 Step 2 of CCF protocol: McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21:42(36):3599-3726. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34447992/
39 Carvedilol (dosing if >85 kg): McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, et al ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21:42(36):3599-3726. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34447992/
40 Spironolactone: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
41 Target BP for primary hypertension: Black A, Parrish AG, Rayner B, Leong TD, Mpongoshe V. Target blood pressure: a South African perspective. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2019 Mar/Apr 30(2):71-73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31155633/
Target BP for primary hypertension: Brunström M, Carlberg B. Association of Blood Pressure Lowering With Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease Across Blood Pressure Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Jan 1:178(1):28-36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29131895/
42 Ideal BMI: McGee DL. McGee DL; Diverse Populations Collaboration. Body mass index and mortality: a meta-analysis based on person-level data from twenty-six observational studies. Ann Epidemiol. 2005 Feb;15(2):87-97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15652713/
Ideal BMI: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in cooperation with The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults, September 1998. Report No.: 98-4083. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2003/
43 Lifestyle modification - hypertension: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Lifestyle modification - hypertension (exercise): Costa EC, Hay JL, Kehler DS, Boreskie KF, Arora RC, Umpierre D, Szwajcer A, Duhamel TA. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training On Blood Pressure in Adults with Pre- to Established Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Sports Med. 2018 Sep 48(9):2127- 2142. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29949110/
Lifestyle modification - hypertension (exercise):_Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. J Hypertens. 2020 Jun 38(6):982-1004. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32371787/
44 Antihypertensives - fixed dose combinations: Gupta P, Patel P, Štrauch B, Lai FY, Akbarov A, Marešová V, White CMJ, Petrák O, Gulsin GS, Patel V, Rosa J, Cole R, Zelinka T, Holaj R, Kinnell A, Smith PR, Thompson JR, Squire I, Widimský J Jr, Samani NJ, Williams B, Tomaszewski M. Risk Factors for Nonadherence to Antihypertensive Treatment. Hypertension. 2017 Jun;69(6):1113- 1120. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28461599
45 Risk assessment for hypertension: Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. J Hypertens. 2020 Jun 38(6):982-1004. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32371787/
46 Algorithm for the stepwise treatment of hypertension without compelling indications: Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. J Hypertens. 2020 Jun 38(6):982-1004. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32371787/
47 Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (1st line treatment hypertension without compelling indications): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- PHC/Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Indapamide, oral as 1st line treatment - hypertension without compelling indications, July 2021. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
48 Enalapril, oral (daily dosing): Girvin B, McDermott BJ, Johnston GD. A comparison of enalapril 20 mg once daily versus 10 mg twice daily in terms of blood pressure lowering and patient compliance. J Hypertens. 1999 Nov 17(11):1627-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10608477
Enalapril, oral (daily dosing): Davies RO, Gomez HJ, Irvin JD, Walker JF. An overview of the clinical pharmacology of enalapril. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;18 Suppl 2:215S-2295. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6099737
49 Spironolactone (hypertension):Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, Webb DJ, Sever P, McInnes G, Ford I, Cruickshank JK, Caulfield MJ, Salsbury J, Mackenzie I, Padmanabhan S, Brown MJ; British Hypertension Society's PATHWAY Studies Group. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY- 2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet. 2015 Nov 21:386(10008):2059-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26414968
50 Spironolactone: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
51 Suboptimal BP control - treatment inertia: Tiffe T, Wagner M, Rucker V, Morbach C, Gelbrich G, Stork S, Heuschmann PU. Control of cardiovascular risk factors and its determinants in the general population- findings from the STAAB cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017:17:276. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29096615
Suboptimal BP control - treatment inertia: Berry KM, Parker WA, Mchiza ZJ, Sewpaul R, Labadarios D, Rosen S, Stokes A. Quantifying unmet need for hypertension care in South Africa through a care cascade: evidence from the SANHANES, 2011-2012. BMJ Glob Health. 2017 Aug 16;2(3):e000348. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29082013
52 Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (skin cancer risk): Pedersen SA, Gaist D, Schmidt SAJ, Hölmich LR, Friis S, Pottegård A. Hydrochlorothiazide use and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer: A nationwide case-control study from Denmark. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Apr;78(4):673-681.e9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29217346
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (skin cancer risk): Pottegård A, Hallas J, Olesen M, Svendsen MT, Habel LA, Friedman GD, Friis S. Hydrochlorothiazide use is strongly associated with risk of lip cancer. J Intern Med. 2017 Oct:282(4):322-331. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28480532
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (skin cancer risk): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Updated Notice: Risk of skin cancer associated with hydrochlorothiazide, 6 March 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment- guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
53 Spironolactone, oral (contra-indications): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
54 ACE-inhibitor (contra-indications - severe renal impairment): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022. 112 ACE-inhibitor (contra-indications-severe renal impairment): National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
55 Amoxicillin, oral (children): Clegg HW, Ryan AG, Dallas SD, Kaplan EL, Johnson DR, Norton HJ, Roddey OF, Martin ES, Swetenburg RL, Koonce EW, Felkner MM, Giftos PM. Treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis with once-daily compared with twice-daily amoxicillin: a noninferiority trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Sep:25(9):761-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16940830
Amoxicillin, oral (children): Lennon DR, Farrell E, Martin DR, Stewart JM. Once-daily amoxicillin versus twice-daily penicillin V in group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. Arch Dis Child. 2008 Jun 93(6):474-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337284
56 Lidocaine 1%: Amir J, Ginat S, Cohen YH, Marcus TE, Keller N, Varsano I. Lidocaine as a diluent for administration of benzathine penicillin G. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998 Oct;17(10):890-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9802630
57 Amoxicillin, oral (adults): Brink AJ, Cotton M, Feldman C, Finlayson H, Friedman R, Green R, Hendson W, Hockman M, Maartens G, Madhi S, Reubenson G, Silverbauer E, Zietsman I. Updated recommendations for the management of upper respiratory tract infections in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015 Apr 6;105(5):344-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26242659
Amoxicillin, oral (adults): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care level. Medicine Review: Phenoxymethylpenicillin vs amoxicillin for tonsilitis_pharyngitis, October 2016. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard- treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
58 Azithromycin: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Paediatric Hospital level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
59 Azithromycin, oral: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2020-2024_Version 1.0_1 November 2024
Chapter 4: Cardiovascular Conditions_References