References - Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition
[1] Azithromycin, oral: Wasserman S, Boyles T, Mendelson M. South African antibiotic stewardship programme (SAASP): A pocket guide to antibiotic prescribing for adults in South Africa, 2015. http://www.fidssa.co.za/images/SAASP_Antibiotic_Gudidelines_2015.pdf
[2] Hydrocortisone, IV::Riffat F, Jefferson N, Bari N, McGuinness J. Acute supraglottitis in adults. Ann OtolRhinolLaryngol. 2011 May;120(5):296-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21675584
Hydrocortisone, IV: Mayo-Smith MF, Spinale JW, Donskey CJ, Yukawa M, Li RH, Schiffmann FJ. Acute epiglottitis: an 18-year old experience in Rhode Island. Chest 1995;108:1640–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7497775
Hydrocortisone, IV: Bizaki AJ, Numminen J, Vasama JP, Laranne J, Rautiainen M. Acute supraglottitis in adults in Finland: review and analysis of 308 cases. Laryngoscope. 2011 Oct;121(10):2107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21898436
Hydrocortisone, IV: Wick R, Ballmer PE, Haller A. Acute epiglottitis in adults. Swiss Med Wkly 2002; 132: 541–7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12557859
Hydrocortisone, IV: Hafidh MA, Sheahan P, Keogh I, Walsh RM. Acute epiglottitis in adults: a recent experience with 10 cases. J Laryngol Otol. 2006 Apr;120(4):310-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16623975
[3] Adrenaline (epinephrine), nebulisation: Wick R, Ballmer PE, Haller A. Acute epiglottitis in adults. Swiss Med Wkly 2002;132: 541–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12557859
[4] Corticosteroids, topical nasal (therapeutic class): Chong LY, Head K, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Burton MJ, Schilder AG. Different types of intranasal steroids for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 26;4:CD011993.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27115215
Corticosteroids, topical nasal (therapeutic class): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.
Corticosteroids, topical nasal (therapeutic class): Herman H. Once-daily administration of intranasal corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis: a comparative review of efficacy, safety, patient preference, and cost. Am J Rhinol. 2007 Jan-Feb;21(1):70-9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17283565
Fluticasone, topical, aqueous nasal spray: Contract circular HP07-2017DAI.
[5] Beclomethasone, topical, aqueous nasal spray (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): Foisy MM, Yakiwchuk EM, Chiu I, Singh AE. Adrenal suppression and Cushing's syndrome secondary to an interaction between ritonavir and fluticasone: a review of the literature. HIV Med. 2008 Jul;9(6):389-96. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18459946
Beclomethasone, topical, aqueous nasal spray (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): University of Liverpool. HIV drug interaction database. https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/
Beclomethasone, topical, aqueous nasal spray (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): Frankel JK, Packer CD. Cushing's syndrome due to antiretroviral-budesonide interaction. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Jun;45(6):823-4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558486
Beclomethasone, topical, aqueous nasal spray (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): Yoganathan K, David L, Williams C, Jones K. Cushing's syndrome with adrenal suppression induced by inhaled budesonide due to a ritonavir drug interaction in a woman with HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS. 2012 Jul;23(7):520-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22844010
[6] Non-sedating antihistamines, oral: Howarth PH, Stern MA, Roi L, Reynolds R, Bousquet J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of fexofenadine hydrochloride (120 and 180 mg once daily) and cetirizine in seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy ClinImmunol. 1999;104(5):927-933. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550734
Non-sedating antihistamines, oral: Olasińska-Wiśniewska A , Olasiński J, Grajek S. Cardiovascular safety of antihistamines. Postep Derm Alergol. 2014, 3: 182–186. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25097491
Non-sedating antihistamines, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level.
Medicine Review: Non-sedating antihistamines for persistent allergic rhinitis, 23 November 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Cetirizine, oral: Contract circular HP 09-2016SD.
[7] Oxymetazoline intranasal: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.
[8] Amoxicillin, oral (acute otitis media): Brink AJ, Cotton M, Feldman C, Finlayson H, Friedman R, Green R, Hendson W, Hockman M, Maartens G, Madhi S, Reubenson G, Silverbauer E, Zietsman I. Updated recommendations for the management of upper respiratory tract infections in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015 Apr 6;105(5):344-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26242659
[9 ]Azithromycin, oral: Contract circular RT301-2017
[10] Antihistamines, oral (Cetirizine): Griffin G, Flynn CA. Antihistamines and/or decongestants for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Sep 7;(9):CD003423. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901683
[11] Paracetamol, oral: Sjoukes A, Venekamp RP, van de Pol AC, Hay AD, Little P, Schilder AG, Damoiseaux RA. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 15;12:CD011534. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977844
Paracetamol, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Primary Health Care STGs and EML, 2018.
[12] Ciprofloxain, topical: Onali MA, Bareeqa SB, Zia S, Ahmed SI, Owais A, Ahmad AN. Efficacy of Empirical Therapy With Combined Ciprofloxacin Versus Topical Drops Alone in Patients With Tubotympanic Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Clin Med Insights Ear Nose Throat. 2018 Jan 11;11:1179550617751907. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29348711
[13] Paracetamol, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Primary Health Care STGs and EML, 2018.
[14] Promethazine, oral: James AL, Burton MJ. Betahistine for Menière's disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2001;(1):CD001873. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11279734
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2024 Edition