References - Eye Disorders
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition
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i Chloramphenicol 1%, ophthalmic ointment: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
ii Fluoroquinolone ophthalmic drops: Sheikh A, Hurwitz B, van Schayck CP, McLean S, Nurmatov U. Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD001211. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972049
Fluoroquinolone ophthalmic drops: Epling J. Bacterial conjunctivitis. BMJ Clin Evid. 2012 Feb 20;2012. pii: 0704. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22348418
Fluoroquinolone ophthalmic drops: Silver LH, Woodside AM, Montgomery DB. Clinical safety of moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.5% (VIGAMOX) in pediatric and nonpediatric patients with bacterial conjunctivitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005 Nov;50 Suppl 1:S55-63. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16257311
Fluoroquinolone ophthalmic drops (ciprofloxacin ophthalmic drops - dosing): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016. Fluoroquinolone ophthalmic drops (ciprofloxacin ophthalmic drops - dosing): Leibowitz HM. Antibacterial effectiveness of ciprofloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991 Oct;112(4 Suppl):29S-33S. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1928271
iii Ceftazidime, intravitreal: Yonekawa Y, Chan RV, Reddy AK, Pieroni CG, Lee TC, Lee S. Early intravitreal treatment of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol.2011 Nov;39(8):771-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22050564 Ceftazidime, intravitreal: Okada AA, John RP, Liles WC, D'Amico DJ, Baker AS. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Report of a ten-year retrospective study 1994;101(5):832-838. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8190467
iv Vancomycin, intravitreal: Yonekawa Y, Chan RV, Reddy AK, Pieroni CG, Lee TC, Lee S. Early intravitreal treatment of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol.2011 Nov;39(8):771-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22050564 Vancomycin, intravitreal: Okada AA, Johnson RP, Liles WC, D'Amico DJ, Baker AS. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Report of a ten-year retrospective study. Ophthalmology. 1994 May;101(5):832-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8190467
v Intravitreal antibiotics (repeat doses): Durand ML.Endophthalmitis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2013;19(3):227-34. As cited in Cochrane review Emami S, Kitayama K, Coleman AL. Adjunctive steroid therapy versus antibiotics alone for acute endophthalmitis a#er intraocular procedure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD012131. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012131.pub3.
vi Intravitreal antibiotics (repeat doses): Durand ML.Endophthalmitis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2013;19(3):227-34. As cited in Cochrane review Emami S, Kitayama K, Coleman AL. Adjunctive steroid therapy versus antibiotics alone for acute endophthalmitis a#er intraocular procedure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD012131. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012131.pub3.
vii Non-selective Beta-blocker, ophthalmic drops: Geyer O, Lazar M, Novack GD, Shen D, Eto CY. Levobunolol compared with timolol: a four-year study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1988 Dec;72(12):892-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3067745
Non-selective Beta-blocker, ophthalmic drops: Mills KB, Wright G. A blind randomised cross-over trial comparing metipranolol 0.3% with timolol 0.25% in open-angle glaucoma: a pilot study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1986 Jan;70(1):39-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2868753
viii Prostaglandin analogues, ophthalmic drops: Parrish RK, Palmberg P, Sheu WP; XLT Study Group. A comparison of latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost in patients with elevated intraocular pressure: a 12-week, randomized, masked-evaluator multicenter study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 May;135(5):688-703.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12719078
ix Bimatoprost 0.01%, ophthalmic drops: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Evidence summary: Bimatoprost 0.01% vs 0.03% for glaucoma, August 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Bimatoprost 0.01%, ophthalmic drops: Katz LJ, Cohen JS, Batoosingh AL, Felix C, Shu V, Schiffman RM. Twelve-month, randomized, controlled trial of bimatoprost 0.01%, 0.0125%, and 0.03% in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010 Apr;149(4):661-671.e1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20346780
x Alpha-agonist, ophthalmic drops: Schadlu R, Maus TL, Nau CB, Brubaker RF. Comparison of the efficacy of apraclonidine and brimonidine as aqueous suppressants in humans. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998 Nov;116(11):1441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9823343
Alpha-agonist, ophthalmic drops: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
xi Acetazolamide, oral: Maus TL, Larsson LI, McLaren JW, Brubaker RF. Comparison of dorzolamide and acetazolamide as suppressors of aqueous humor flow in humans. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997 Jan;115(1):45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9006424
xii Aciclovir, IV: Sellitti TP et al. (1993). Association of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Acute Retinal Necrosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY. Werner RN et al. (2016). A. European consensus-based (S2k) Guideline on the Management of Herpes Zoster - guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV), Part 2: Treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
xiii Amitriptyline, oral: Bowsher D. The effects of pre-emptive treatment of postherpetic neuralgia with amitriptyline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997 Jun;13(6):327-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204652
xiv Aciclovir, oral: Wilhelmus KR. Antiviral treatment and other therapeutic interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 9;1:CD002898. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879115
xv Fluoroquinolone ophthalmic drops: Lin A, Rhee MK, Akpek EK, Amescua G, Farid M, Garcia-Ferrer FJ, Varu DM, Musch DC, Dunn SP, Mah FS; American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Cornea and External Disease Panel. Bacterial Keratitis Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2019 Jan;126(1):P1-P55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30366799
xvi Natamycin: FlorCruz NV, Evans JR. Medical interventions for fungal keratitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 9;(4):CD004241. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004241.pub4. PMID: 25855311.
xvii Valganciclovir, oral: Roche Products (Pty) Ltd. Valcyte 450 film coated tablet®, South African package insert, 27 July 2012. Valganciclovir, oral: Martin DF, Sierra-Madero J, Walmsley S, Wolitz RA, Macey K, Georgiou P, Robinson CA, Stempien MJ; Valganciclovir Study Group. A controlled trial of valganciclovir as induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. N Engl J Med. 2002 Apr 11;346(15):1119-26. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2002 Sep 12;347(11):862. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11948271
Valganciclovir, oral (3 months duration): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-Infected adults and adolescents recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR 2009;58(RR-4):1-216. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr5804.pdf
xviii Corticosteroids, ophthalmic drops (therapeutic class): McGhee CN, Dean S, Danesh-Meyer H. Locally administered corticosteroids: benefits and risks. Drug Saf. 2002;25(1):33-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11820911
Corticosteroids, ophthalmic drops: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Prednisiolone 1% vs Dexamethsone 0.01% ophthalmic drops for uveitis, May 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/
Corticosteroids, ophthalmic drops: Espinosa G, Muñoz-Fernández S, García Ruiz de Morales JM, Herreras JM, Cordero-Coma M. Treatment recommendations for non-infectious anterior uveitis. Med Clin (Barc). 2017 Dec 20;149(12):552.e1-552.e12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28911893
xix Dick AD et al. (2018). American Academy of Ophthalmology. Guidance on Noncorticosteroid Systemic. American Academy of Ophthalmology, 757-773.
xx NDoH Review. Evidence review of the use of prednisone/prednisolone for severe bilateral posterior and panuveitis. 9 February 2023 Jabs D et al. Guidelines for the Use of Immunosuppressive Drugs in Patients With Ocular Inflammatory Disorders: Recommendations of an Expert Panel AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY OCTOBER 2000
xxi Jabs D et al. Guidelines for the Use of Immunosuppressive Drugs in Patients With Ocular Inflammatory Disorders: Recommendations of an Expert Panel AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY OCTOBER 2000
xxii Wakefield et al pre-treatment assessment Review panel. Inflammatory eye disease: Pre-treatment assessment of patients prior to commencing immunosuppressive and biologic therapy: Recommendations from an expert committee. Autoimmun Rev. 2017 Mar;16(3):213-222. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.01.003. Epub 2017 Jan 27. PMID: 28137477.
xxiii NDoH Review. Corticosteroid-sparing agents for severe uveitis. July 2023
xxiv NDoH Evidence review. Hyaluronidase for cataract surgery. 9 February 2023
xxv NDoH Evidence review. Intraoperative MMC or 5-FU during trabeculectomy for glaucoma management. 30 November 2023
xxvi Local anaesthetics, ophthalmic drops: Lawrenson JG, Edgar DF, Tanna GK, Gudgeon AC. Comparison of the tolerability and efficacy of unit-dose, preservative-free topical ocular anaesthetics. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1998 Sep;18(5):393-400. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023471
xxvii Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ophthalmic drops: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
xxviii Lanolin, anhydrous liquid, ophthalmic ointment: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Adult Hospital Level, 2020-2024_Version 1.0_30 September 2024
Chapter 18 Eye Disorders_References - Eye Disorders