References - Family Planning
1 World Health Organization. Reproductive Health. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. World Health Organization; 2015. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/181468/9789241549158_eng.pdf?sequence=9 Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers (2022 update). Baltimore and Geneva: CCP and WHO, 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9780999203705 NDoH. National
1 World Health Organization. Reproductive Health. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. World Health Organization; 2015. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/181468/9789241549158_eng.pdf?sequence=9
Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers (2022 update). Baltimore and Geneva: CCP and WHO, 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9780999203705
NDoH. National Contraception Clinical Guidelines.2019. https://knowledgehub.health.gov.za/elibrary/national-contraception-clinicalguidelines-2019
2 Levonorgestrel IUD (advantages – immediate postpartum insertion): Lopez LM, Bernholc A, Hubacher D, Stuart G, Van Vliet HA. Immediate postpartum insertion of intrauterine device for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 26;(6):CD003036. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26115018/
Levonorgestrel IUD (advantages – immediate postpartum insertion): Abdelhakim AM, Sunoqrot M, Amin AH, et al. The effect of early vs. delayed postpartum insertion of the LNG-IUS on breastfeeding continuation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2019 Oct;24(5):327-336. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31517549
Levonorgestrel IUD (advantages – immediate postpartum insertion): World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, Fifth edition (2015). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549158
3 Levonorgestrel IUD (advantages and disadvantages): World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (WHO/RHR) and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs (CCP), Knowledge for Health Project. Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers (2018 update). Baltimore and Geneva: CCP and WHO, 2018. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fp-global-handbook/en/
Levonorgestrel IUD (advantages and disadvantages): World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, Fifth edition (2015). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549158
4 Hormonal injectable: progestin-only (menstrual irregularities): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022 Hormonal injectable: progestin-only (menstrual irregularities): Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare Clinical Guidance: Problematic Bleeding with Hormonal Contraception Clinical Effectiveness Unit, July 2015. https://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/fsrh-guidelines-and-statements/management-of-srh-issues/problematic-bleeding/
Hormonal injectable: progestin-only (menstrual irregularities): World Health Organisation. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, Fifth edition, 2015. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/MEC-5/en/
5 World Health Organization Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research (WHO/SRH) and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/ Center for Communication Programs (CCP), Knowledge SUCCESS. Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers (2022 update). Baltimore and Geneva: CCP and WHO; 2022.
6 Copper IUCD insertion: Lopez LM, Bernholc A, Hubacher D, Stuart G, Van Vliet HA. Immediate postpartum insertion of intrauterine device for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 26; (6):CD003036. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26115018
7 Copper IUCD (patient to return): National Contraception and Fertility Planning and Service Delivery Guidelines, 2019 (Draft format).
8 Stalter RM, Amorim G, Mocello AR, Jakait B, Shepherd BE, Musick B, Bernard C, Bukusi EA, Wools-Kaloustian K, Cohen CR, Yiannoutsos CT, Patel RC; Implant/Efavirenz Study Group and the East Africa IeDEA regional consortium. Contraceptive implant use duration is not associated with breakthrough pregnancy among women living with HIV and using efavirenz: a retrospective, longitudinal analysis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022 Sep;25(9):e26001. doi: 10.1002/jia2.26001. PMID: 36073977; PMCID: PMC9454412.
Todd CS, Lorenzetti L, Mussa A, Ridgeway K, Morroni C, Nanda K. Drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and hormonal contraception: An updated systematic review. Contraception. 2024 Oct;138:110490. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2024.110490. Epub 2024 May 16. PMID: 38762199.
Bishop IJ, Gertz AM, Simon B, Tawe L, Lechiile K, Liu S, Teodoro N, Mussa A, Avalos A, Malima S, Maotwe T, Mokganya L, Westhoff CL, Morroni C. Etonogestrel concentrations among contraceptive implant users in Botswana using and not using dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy. Contraception. 2020 Sep;102(3):174-179. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2020.04.019. Epub 2020 May 7. PMID: 32387328.
9 Implanon NXT® 68mg Implant.Professional Information.South Africa.Revision:27 August 2019
10 Levnorgestrel IUD: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Healthcare level. Medicine Review: Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for contraception, April 2013. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/e-library
Levonorgestrel IUD: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Healthcare level. Medicine Review: Lowdose levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for contraception, August 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standardtreatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Levonorgestrel IUD: World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (WHO/RHR) and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs (CCP), Knowledge for Health Project. Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers (2018 update). Baltimore and Geneva: CCP and WHO, 2018. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fp-global-handbook/en/
11 Levonorgestrel IUD (HIV-infected): Todd CS, Jones HE, Langwenya N, Hoover DR, Chen PL, Petro G, Myer L. Safety and continued use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system as compared with the copper intrauterine device among women living with HIV in South Africa: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2020 May 22;17(5):e1003110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32442189/
Levonorgestrel IUD (HIV-infected): World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, Fifth edition (2015). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549158
12 Levonorgestrel IUD (practice management): World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (WHO/RHR) and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs (CCP), Knowledge for Health Project. Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers (2018 update). Baltimore and Geneva: CCP and WHO, 2018. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fp-global-handbook/en/
Levonorgestrel IUD (practice management): World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, Fifth edition (2015). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549158
13 Levonorgestrel IUD (referral for first time migrane/ severe headache): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
14 Progestin-only injectables: Draper BH, Morroni C, Hoffman M, Smit J, Beksinska M, Hapgood J, Van der Merwe L. Depot medroxyprogesterone versus norethisteroneoenanthate for long-acting progestogenic contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD005214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856087
15 Progestin-only injectables (postpartum): National Contraception and Fertility Planning and Service Delivery Guidelines, 2019 (Draft format).
16 Steiner MJ, Kwok C, Stanback J, Byamugisha JK, Chipato T, Magwali T, Mmiro F, Rugpao S, Sriplienchan S, Morrison C. Injectable contraception: what should the longest interval be for reinjections? Contraception. 2008 Jun;77(6):410-4. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.01.017. Epub 2008 Apr 10. PMID: 18477489. https://fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/WHO-JHU-FPHandbook-2022Ed-v221115a.pdf
17 Roland N, Neumann A, Hoisnard L, Duranteau L, Froelich S, Zureik M, Weill A. Use of progestogens and the risk of intracranial meningioma: national case-control study. BMJ. 2024 Mar 27;384:e078078. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-078078. Erratum in: BMJ. 2024 Mar 28;384:q776. doi: 10.1136/bmj.q776. PMID: 38537944; PMCID: PMC10966896.
Depo-Provera®.Professional Information.South Africa.Revision:21 January 2025
Sayana®.Professional information.South Africa.Revision: 12 April 2024
18 Monophasic-progestin only pills (therapeutic class): van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, Doggen CJ, Rosendaal FR. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ. 2009 Aug 13;339:b2921. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679614
Monophasic-progestin only pills (therapeutic class): Lidegaard Ø, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Skjeldestad FE, Løkkegaard E. Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001-9. BMJ. 2011 Oct 25;343:d6423. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027398
19 Monophasic-progestin/estrogen combination pills (therapeutic class): van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, Doggen CJ, Rosendaal FR. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ. 2009 Aug 13;339:b2921. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679614
Monophasic-progestin/estrogen combination pills (therapeutic class): Lidegaard Ø, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Skjeldestad FE, Løkkegaard E. Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001-9. BMJ. 2011 Oct 25;343:d6423. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027398
20 Triphasic- progestin/estrogen combination pills (therapeutic class): van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, Doggen CJ, Rosendaal FR. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ. 2009 Aug 13;339:b2921. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679614
Triphasic- progestin/estrogen combination pills (therapeutic class): Lidegaard Ø, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Skjeldestad FE, Løkkegaard E. Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001-9. BMJ. 2011 Oct 25;343:d6423. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027398
21 Progestin-only pill (contra-indication: myocardial infarction): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
22 Gaffield ME, Culwell KR, Lee CR. The use of hormonal contraception among women taking anticonvulsant therapy. Contraception. 2011 Jan;83(1):16-29. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2010.06.013. Epub 2010 Sep 15. PMID: 21134499. Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers (2022 update). Baltimore and Geneva: CCP and WHO, 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9780999203705
23 Dual contraception for at least 7 days (missed pills): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
24 Combined oral contraceptives (missing pills): National Contraception and Fertility Planning and Service Delivery Guidelines, 2019 (Draft format).
25 Dual contraception for at least 7 days (missed pills): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
26 Copper IUD (emergency contraception): Turok DK, Jacobson JC, Dermish AI, Simonsen SE, Gurtcheff S, McFadden M, Murphy PA. Emergency contraception with a copper IUD or oral levonorgestrel: an observational study of 1-year pregnancy rates. Contraception. 2014 Mar;89(3):222-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24332433/
Copper IUD (emergency contraception): FSRH Guideline (April 2019) Overweight, Obesity and Contraception. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2019 Apr;45(Suppl 2):1-69. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31053605/
27 Levonorgestrel 1.5 mg oral (emergency contraception): Shen J, Che Y, Showell E, Chen K, Cheng L. Interventions for emergency contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 20;1(1):CD001324. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30661244/
28 Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): FSRH Guideline (April 2019) Overweight, Obesity and Contraception. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2019 Apr;45(Suppl 2):1-69. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31053605/
Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Turok DK, Jacobson JC, Dermish AI, Simonsen SE, Gurtcheff S, McFadden M, Murphy PA. Emergency contraception with a copper IUD or oral levonorgestrel: an observational study of 1-year pregnancy rates. Contraception. 2014 Mar;89(3):222-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24332433/
Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Edelman AB, Cherala G, Blue SW, Erikson DW, Jensen JT. Impact of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel-based emergency contraception: single and double dosing. Contraception. 2016 Jul;94(1):52-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27000996/
Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Edelman AB, Hennebold JD, Bond KPM, Lim JY, Cherala G, Archer DF et al. Double Dosing Levonorgestrel-Based Emergency Contraception for Individuals With Obesity, Obstetrics & Gynecology: June 9, 2022 - Volume - Issue - 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004717 doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004717 Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Jatlaoui TC and Curtis KM. Safety and effectiveness data for emergency contraceptive pills among women with obesity: a systematic review. Contraception 94 (2016) 605–611. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27234874
Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Carten ML, Kiser JJ, Kwara A, Mawhinney S, Cu-Uvin S. Pharmacokinetic interactions between the hormonal emergency contraception, levonorgestrel (Plan B), and Efavirenz. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2012;2012:137192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536010
Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Tittle V, Bull L, Boffito M, Nwokolo N. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions between antiretrovirals and oral contraceptives. ClinPharmacokinet. 2015 Jan;54(1):23-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25331712 Levonorgestrel- https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00367
29 Voluntary sterilisation: World Health Organisation. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use Fifth edition, 2015. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/MEC-5/en/
30 Combined oral contraceptive (containing ethinylestradiol 30-35 mcg) for breakthrough bleeding on progestin-only injectable contraceptives: Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare Clinical Guidance: Problematic Bleeding with Hormonal Contraception Clinical Effectiveness Unit, July 2015. https://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/fsrh-guidelines-and-statements/management-of-srhissues/problematic-bleeding/
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2020-2024_Version 1.0_ April 2025
Chapter 7: Family Planning_References