References - Gastro-intestinal conditions
1 Morphine, IM (adults): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022. 2 Morphine, IV (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020-4. http://www.health.gov.za/ 3 Katz PO et al. ACG Clinical Guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease
1 Morphine, IM (adults): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
2 Morphine, IV (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020-4. http://www.health.gov.za/
3 Katz PO et al. ACG Clinical Guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2022;117:27–56. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538; published online November 22, 2021.
4 Ringers lactate -): Global Task Force on Cholera Control. October 2019. Harris JB et al. Cholera (NIH). Lancet. 2012 June 30; 379(9835): 2466–2476. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60436-X Nelson EJ et al. Cholera outbreak training and shigellosis program (COTSPROGRAM). V2 may 2018
5 Ciprofloxacin, oral (children -): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2023. http://www.health.gov.za/
National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Data on file, 2023 Saha D, Khan WA, Karim MM, Chowdhury HR, Salam MA, Bennish ML. Single-dose ciprofloxacin versus 12- dose erythromycin for childhood cholera: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 2005; 366:1085–1093.
British National Formulary for Children (BNFc). 2022-23 Edition.
Package Insert (US). Ciprofloxacin. Dr Reddy’s Laboratories limited. Last accessed online 27 June 2023 https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=8f6e4a86-5fc1-45b1-adab25a81f93cb05&type=display
Package Insert (UK.). Ciprofloxacin. Dr Reddy’s Laboratories (UK) Ltd. Last accessed online 27 June 2023 Ciprofloxacin 500 mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) (medicines.org.uk)
6 Ciprofloxacin, oral (adults): Global Task Force on Cholera Control. October 2019. National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Data on file, 2023.
7 (Zinc dose – children) National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2023 Dhingra U, et al. Lower-Dose Zinc for Childhood Diarrhea - A Randomized, Multicenter Trial. N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 24;383(13):1231-1241. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915905. PMID: 32966722; PMCID: PMC7466932.
8 BNF for children (BNFc). 2020-21 Ed.
9 Ceftriaxone (IV admin): Package Insert. Rocephin Injection. . Roche Products (Pty) Ltd. Text last revised 31 October 2022.
10 National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2023
11 Loperamide (max dose). Package Insert. Imodium. Johnson & Johnson (Pty) Ltd.. Renewal of authorisation 04 March 2005.
12 Smalley W, Falck-Ytter C, Carrasco-Labra A, Wani S, Lytvyn L, Falck-Ytter Y. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Laboratory Evaluation of Functional Diarrhea and Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Adults (IBS-D). Gastroenterology. 2019 Sep;157(3):851-854. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.004. Epub 2019 Jul 11. PMID: 31302098. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/diarrhea/definitionfacts#:~:text=Diarrhea%20is%20loose%2C%20watery%20stools,lasts%20at%20least%204%20weeks
13 BNF for children (BNFc). 2020-21 Ed.
14 Ceftriaxone (IV admin): Package Insert. Rocephin Injection. . Roche Products (Pty) Ltd. Text last revised 31 October 2022.
15 Albendazole, oral: Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Du ZW, Jiang JY, Chen JX, Hattendorf J, Zhou H, Zhou XN. Efficacy of single-dose and triple-dose albendazole and mebendazole against soil-transmitted helminths and Taenia spp.: a randomized controlled trial. PLoSOne. 2011;6(9):e25003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980373
Albendazole, oral: Mabaso ML, Appleton CC, Hughes JC, Gouws E. Hookworm (Necator americanus) transmission in inland areas of sandy soils in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2004 Apr;9(4):471-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078265
Albendazole, oral: Montresor A, Awasthi S, Crompton DW. Use of benzimidazoles in children younger than 24 months for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Acta Trop. 2003 May;86(2-3):223-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12745139
Albendazole, oral: American Academy of Pediatrics. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012:241. https://redbook.solutions.aap.org/DocumentLibrary/RB12_interior.pdf
Albendazole, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC. Medicine Review: Benzimidazoles for soil-transmitted helminths, 31Jan2017. http://www.health.gov.za
SAMF 14th Edition
16 Lacy B et al. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2016;150:1393–1407.
Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2020-4_Version 1_June 2024
Chapter 2: Gastro-Intestinal Conditions