References - Gynaecology

ⁱ Ibuprofen (ceiling effect): Laska EM, Sunshine A, Marrero I, Olson N, Siegel C, McCormick N. The correlation between blood levels of ibuprofen and clinical analgesic response. ClinPharmacolTher. 1986 Jul;40(1):1- 7..http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522030

ⁱⁱ Paracetamol, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.

ⁱⁱⁱ Combined oral contraceptive (dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis): Wong CL, Farquhar C, Roberts H, Proctor M. Oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD002120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821293
Combined oral contraceptive (dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis): American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 110: noncontraceptive uses of hormonal contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(1):206-218.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20027071
Combined oral (dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis): Davis L, Kennedy SS, Moore J, Prentice A. Modern combined oral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD001019. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636650

^iv Medroxyprogesterone acetate, IM:SchlaffWD, Carson SA, Luciano A, Ross D, Bergqvist A. Subcutaneous injection of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate compared with leuprolide acetate in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain. FertilSteril. 2006 Feb;85(2):314-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595206
Medroxyprogesterone acetate, IM:Crosignani PG, Luciano A, Ray A, Bergqvist A. Subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate versus leuprolide acetate in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain. Hum Reprod 2006; 21:248-256.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16176939

^v Abnormal uterine bleeding: Abnormal uterine bleeding - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice [Internet]. Bmj.com. 2023 [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/engb/658#:~:text=Definition,%2Dmenstrual%20bleeding%20(IMB).

^vi Progestin, oral (therapeutic class – arrest of acute haemmhorhage): James AH, Kouides PA, Abdul-Kadir R, Dietrich JE, Edlund M, Federici AB, Halimeh S, Kamphuisen PW, Lee CA, Martínez-Perez O, McLintock C, Peyvandi F, Philipp C, Wilkinson J, Winikoff R. Evaluation and management of acute menorrhagia in women with and without underlying bleeding disorders: consensus from an international expert panel. Eur J ObstetGynecolReprod Biol. 2011 Oct;158(2):124-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21632169

^vii Tranexamic acid: Bryant-Smith AC, Lethaby A, Farquhar C, Hickey M. Antifibrinolytics for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 15;4(4):CD000249 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29656433/
Tranexamic acid: Leminen H, Hurskainen R. Tranexamic acid for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding: efficacy and safety. Int J Womens Health. 2012;4:413-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22956886
Tranexamic acid: Sundström A, Seaman H, Kieler H, Alfredsson L. The risk of venous thromboembolism associated with the use of tranexamic acid and other drugs used to treat menorrhagia: a case-control study using the General Practice Research Database. BJOG. 2009 Jan;116(1):91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016686

^viii Progestin,oral (therapeutic class – restoring cyclicity): Singh S, Best C, Dunn S, Leyland N, Wolfman WL; Clinical Practice – Gynaecology Committee, Leyland N, Wolfman W, Allaire C, Awadalla A, Best C, Dunn S, Heywood M, Lemyre M, Marcoux V, Menard C, Potestio F, Rittenberg D, Singh S; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Abnormal uterine bleeding in pre-menopausal women. J ObstetGynaecol Can. 2013 May;35(5):473-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23756279
Progestin,oral (therapeutic class – restoring cyclicity):Sweet MG, Schmidt-Dalton TA, Weiss PM, Madsen KP. Evaluation and management of abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Jan 1;85(1):35-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230306

^ix Norethisterone Dose: Irvine GA, Campbell-Brown MB, Lumsden MA, Heikkila A, Walker JJ, Cameron IT. Randomised comparative trial of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and norethisterone for treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1998;105(6):592–598
Norethisterone Dose: Hatem Abu Hashim; Waleed Alsherbini; Mohamed Bazeed (2012). Contraceptive vaginal ring treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding: a randomized controlled trial with norethisterone. , 85(3), 0–252. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.07.012

^x NSAID: Christelle K, Norhayati MN, Jaafar SH. Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine-device use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Aug 26;8(8):CD006034. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36017945/

^xi Tranexamic acid, oral: Bryant-Smith AC, Lethaby A, Farquhar C, Hickey M. Antifibrinolytics for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 15;4(4):CD000249 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29656433/
Tranexamic acid, oral: Callender ST, Warner GT, Cope E. Treatment of menorrhagia with tranexamic acid. A double-blind trial. Br Med J. 1970 Oct 24;4(5729):214-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4919554

^xii Azithromycin: Savaris RF, Teixeira LM, Torres TG, Edelweiss MI, Moncada J, Schachter J. Comparing ceftriaxone plus azithromycin or doxycycline for pelvic inflammatory disease: a randomized controlled trial. ObstetGynecol.2007Jul;110(1):53- 60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17601896
Azithromycin (LAP/ SSW/ BUBO): Amsden GW, Gray CL. Serum and WBC pharmacokinetics of 1500 mg of azithromycin when given either as a single dose or over a 3 day period in healthy volunteers. J AntimicrobChemother.2001Jan;47(1):61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11152432
Azithromycin (LAP/ SSW/ BUBO): Sampson MR, DumitrescuTP, Brouwer KL, Schmith VD. Population pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and polymorphonuclear cells in healthy adults.CPTPharmacometricsSystPharmacol.2014 Mar 5;3:e103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24599342

^xiii Lidocaine 1% without adrenaline (epinephrine): MCC/SAHPRA registered package inserts of Kocef® 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g; Rociject® 500 mg, 1 g; Oframax® 250 mg, 1 g.

^xiv Metronidazole, oral Bignell C, Fitzgerald M; Guideline Development Group; British Association for Sexual Health and HIV UK. UK national guideline for the management of gonorrhoea in adults, 2011.Int J STD AIDS. 2011 Oct;22(10):541-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998172
Metronidazole, oral: Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010.MMWRRecomm Rep. 2010 Dec 17;59(RR-12):1-110. Erratum in: MMWRRecomm Rep. 2011 Jan 14;60(1):18. Dosage error in article text. http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/

^xv Azitromycin, oral, 2 g (Severe penicillin allergy): Azithromycin: Pitsouni E, Iavazzo C, Athanasiou S, Falagas ME. Single-dose azithromycin versus erythromycin or amoxicillin for Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J AntimicrobAgents.2007Sep;30(3):213-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596917

^xvi Antibiotic therapy for stage II-IV PID: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2015. MMWRRecomm Rep 2015;64(No. RR-3): 1-137.

^xvii Antibiotic therapy for stage II-IV PID (Severe pencillin allergy): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2015. MMWRRecomm Rep 2015;64(No. RR-3): 1-137.

^xviii Letrozole, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Letrozole for infertility associated with anovulation, April 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatmentguidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Letrozole, oral: Franik S, Eltrop SM, Kremer JA, Kiesel L, Farquhar C. Aromatase inhibitors (letrozole) for subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5(5):CD010287. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29797697/

^xix Clomifene, oral: Franik S, Eltrop SM, Kremer JA, Kiesel L, Farquhar C. Aromatase inhibitors (letrozole) for subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5(5):CD010287. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29797697/
Clomifene, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Letrozole for infertility associated with anovulation, April 2020https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatmentguidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^xx Misoprostol (medical abortion): NICE. Guideline: Abortion Care, 25 September 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng140
Misoprostol (medical abortion): WHO. Guideline: Medical management of abortion, 2018. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/medical-management-abortion/en/

^xxi Morphine, IM (Incomplete 1st trimester miscarriage): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, updated edition. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-andessential-medicines-list

^xxii Medical abortion (follow-up pregnancy test): NICE. Guideline: Abortion Care, 25 September 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng140
Medical abortion (follow-up pregnancy test): Barnhart K, Sammel MD, Chung K, Zhou L, Hummel AC, Guo W. Decline of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and spontaneous complete abortion: defining the normal curve. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Nov;104(5 Pt 1):975–81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15516387/

^xxiii Misoprostol - doses (2nd trimester: incomplete miscarriage): Morris JL, Winikoff B, Dabash R, Weeks A, Faundes A, GemzellDanielsson K, Kapp N, Castleman L, Kim C, Ho PC, Visser GHA. FIGO's updated recommendations for misoprostol used alone in gynecology and obstetrics. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2017 Sep;138(3):363-366. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28643396

^xxiv Misoprostol - doses (2nd trimester: previous Caeserean section): Dodd JM, Crowther CA. Misoprostol for induction of labour to terminate pregnancy in the second or third trimester for women with a fetal anomaly or after intrauterine fetal death. Cochrane DatabaseSyst Rev. 2010 Apr 14;(4):CD004901. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20393941
Misoprostol - doses (2nd trimester: previous Caeserean section): Morris JL, Winikoff B, Dabash R, Weeks A, Faundes A, GemzellDanielsson K, Kapp N, Castleman L, Kim C, Ho PC, Visser GHA. FIGO's updated recommendations for misoprostol used alone in gynecology and obstetrics. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2017 Sep;138(3):363-366. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28643396

^xxv TOP option (MVA or medical TOP): Blanchard K, Lince-Deroche N, Fetters T, Devjee J, de Menezes ID, Trueman K, Sudhinaraset M, Nkonko E, Moodley J. Introducing medication abortion into public sector facilities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: an operations research study. Contraception. 2015 Oct;92(4):330-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162575

^xxvi Mifepristone, oral (TOP - Up to 12 weeks and 0 days): Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X. Medical methods for first trimester abortion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 24;5(5):CD002855. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35608608/
Mifepristone, oral (TOP - Up to 12 weeks and 0 days): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review Update: Mifepristone for medical termination of pregnancy, 20 October 2017. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/e-library
Mifepristone, oral (TOP - Up to 12 weeks and 0 days): The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologist. Best practice in comprehensive abortion care, June 2015. https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/best-practicepapers/best-practice-paper-2.pdf

^xxvii Misoprostol, oral/PV (TOP - Up to 12 weeks and 0 days): World Health Organisation. Medical management of abortion, 2018. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/medical-management-abortion/en/

^xxviii Morphine, IM: South African Medicines Formulary. 13th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2020.

^xxix Lidocaine 1% (paracervical block): Renner RM, Nichols MD, Jensen JT, Li H, Edelman AB. Paracervical block for pain control in first-trimester surgical abortion: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 May;119(5):1030-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22525915

^xxx Medical TOP (12-20 weeks): World Health Organisation. Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems, 2012. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/9789241548434/en/

^xxxi Medical TOP (12-20 weeks): National guideline for implementation of the choice on TOP ACT 2020, page 19.

^xxxii Mifepristone, oral (TOP - 2 nd trimester): Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N. Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD005216. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249669
Mifepristone, oral (TOP - 2 nd trimester): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review Update: Mifepristone for medical termination of pregnancy, 20 October 2017. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Mifepristone, oral (TOP – 2 nd trimester): The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologist. Best practice in comprehensive abortion care, June 2015. https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/best-practicepapers/best-practice-paper-2.pdf

^xxxiii Interval between mifepristone-misoprostol (12-24 hours for 2nd trimester TOP): Shaw KA, Topp NJ, Shaw JG, Blumenthal PD. Mifepristone-misoprostol dosing interval and effect on induction abortion times: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jun;121(6):1335-47. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812471

^xxxiv Misoprostol, PV/SL/buccal (2nd trimester TOP): World Health Organisation. Medical management of abortion, 2018. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/medical-management-abortion/en/

^xxxv Copper IUD (emergency contraception): Turok DK, Jacobson JC, Dermish AI, Simonsen SE, Gurtcheff S, McFadden M, Murphy PA. Emergency contraception with a copper IUD or oral levonorgestrel: an observational study of 1-year pregnancy rates. Contraception. 2014 Mar;89(3):222-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24332433/
Copper IUD (emergency contraception): FSRH Guideline (April 2019) Overweight, Obesity and Contraception. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2019 Apr;45(Suppl 2):1-69. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31053605/

^xxxvi Levonorgestrel 1.5 mg oral (emergency contraception): Shen J, Che Y, Showell E, Chen K, Cheng L. Interventions for emergency contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 20;1(1):CD001324. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30661244/

^xxxvii Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Carten ML, Kiser JJ, Kwara A, Mawhinney S, Cu-Uvin S. Pharmacokinetic interactions between the hormonal emergency contraception, levonorgestrel (Plan B), and Efavirenz. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2012;2012:137192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536010
Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Tittle V, Bull L, Boffito M, Nwokolo N. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions between antiretrovirals and oral contraceptives. ClinPharmacokinet. 2015 Jan;54(1):23-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25331712
Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Jatlaoui TC and Curtis KM. Safety and effectiveness data for emergency contraceptive pills among women with obesity: a systematic review. Contraception 94 (2016) 605–611. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27234874
Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): FSRH Guideline (April 2019) Overweight, Obesity and Contraception. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2019 Apr;45(Suppl 2):1-69. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31053605/

^xxxviii STI prophylaxis: STI prophylaxis: Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I, Reno H, Zenilman JM, Bolan GA. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34292926/

^xxxix Fluoxetine, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: SSRIs for control of menopausal symptoms in women where hormone therapy is contra-indicated, July 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Fluoxetine, oral: Grant MD, Marbella A, Wang AT, Pines E, Hoag J, Bonnell C, et al. Menopausal Symptoms: Comparative Effectiveness of Therapies [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2015 [cited 2018 Aug 30]. (AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews). Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285463/

^xl Citalopram, oral (concomitant tamoxifen): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level.Medicine Review: SSRIs for control of menopausal symptoms in women where hormone therapy is contra-indicated, July 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Citalopram, oral (concomitant tamoxifen): Grant MD, Marbella A, Wang AT, Pines E, Hoag J, Bonnell C, et al. Menopausal Symptoms: Comparative Effectiveness of Therapies [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2015 [cited 2018 Aug 30]. (AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews). Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285463/
Citalopram, oral (concomitant tamoxifen): Davari-Tanha F, Soleymani-Farsani M, Asadi M, Shariat M, Shirazi M, Hadizadeh H. Comparison of citalopram and venlafaxine’s role in treating sleep disturbances in menopausal women, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016 May;293(5):1007–13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437957

^xli Management of ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2013 Sep;100(3):638-44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849842

^xlii Methotrexate, IM (Single dose protocol for ectopic pregnancy): Hajenius PJ, Mol F, Mol BW, Bossuyt PM, Ankum WM, van der Veen F. Interventions for tubal ectopic pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24;(1):CD000324. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253448

^xliii Methotrexate, IM: Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management in early pregnancy of ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage. National Guideline Clearinghouse [Internet]. [cited 2017 Jun 8]. Available from: https://guideline.gov/summaries/summary/39274/ectopic-pregnancy-and-miscarriage-diagnosis-and-initial-management-in-earlypregnancy-of-ectopic-pregnancy-and-miscarriage?q=ectopic+pregnancy.
Methotrexate, IM: Diagnosis and Management of Ectopic Pregnancy [Internet]. Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. [cited 2017 Jun 8]. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg21/

^xliv Methotrexate, IM (caution): Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. 80. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press; 2020.

^xlv NSAIDs (bleeding associated with IUCDs): Grimes DA, Hubacher D, Lopez LM, Schulz KF. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for heavy bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine-device use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD006034. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054271

^xlvi NSAIDs (bleeding associated with injectable progestins): National Department of Health. National Contraception and Fertility Planning and Service Delivery Guidelines, 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-andessential-medicines-list

^xlvii Tranexamic acid, oral (bleeding associated with injectable progestins): Bryant-Smith AC, Lethaby A, Farquhar C, Hickey M. Antifibrinolytics for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 15;4(4):CD000249 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29656433/ 

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Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa Adult Hospital _Chapter 5: Gynaecology; Version 1.0, 2020-4_June 2024