References - HIV & AIDS
Please click on the link below to access the most up-to-date version of this guideline. The content on this page is currently being updated to align with the latest publication. Always check the version number at the bottom of the screen to confirm which version you are using. Click here to access the Primary Health Care - PHC Chapter 11: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficienc
Please click on the link below to access the most up-to-date version of this guideline. The content on this page is currently being updated to align with the latest publication. Always check the version number at the bottom of the screen to confirm which version you are using.
Click here to access the Primary Health Care - PHC Chapter 11: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV and AIDS) - 26 February 2026
1 South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
2 Eligibility for ART: INSIGHT START Study Group, Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, Emery S, Grund B, Sharma S, Avihingsanon A, Cooper DA, Fätkenheuer G, Llibre JM, Molina JM, Munderi P, Schechter M, Wood R, Klingman KL, Collins S, Lane HC, Phillips AN, Neaton JD. Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Early Asymptomatic HIV Infection. N Engl1 J Med. 2015 Aug 27;373(9):795-807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26192873
Eligibility for ART: TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 Study Group. A Trial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 27;373(9):808-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26193126
Eligibility for ART- Immediate initiation of ART: Rosen S, Maskew M, Fox MP, Nyoni C, Mongwenyana C, Malete G, Sanne I, Bokaba D, Sauls C, Rohr J, Long L. Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV at a Patient's First Clinic Visit: The RapIT Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS2 Med. 2016 May 10;13(5):e1002015. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27163694
Eligibility for ART- Immediate initiation of ART: National Department of Health: National Consolidated Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Adolescents, Children and Infants and Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission, June 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/national-consolidated-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-adolescents-children-and-infants
3 Immediate initiation of ART, pregnant and breastfeeding women: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Dolutegravir in pregnant women and women of child-bearing potential (WOCP), 17 June 2021. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Immediate initiation of ART, pregnant and breastfeeding women: WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
4 Timing of ART initiation (pulmonary TB): Uthman OA, Okwundu C, Gbenga K, Volmink J, Dowdy D, Zumla A,Nachega JB. Optimal Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation for HIV-Infected Adults With Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Jul 7;163(1):32-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148280
5 Timing of ART initiation (tuberculous meningitis): Török ME, Yen NT, Chau TT, Mai NT, Phu NH, Mai PP, Dung NT, Chau NV, Bang ND, Tien NA, Minh NH, Hien NQ, Thai PV, Dong DT, Anh do TT, Thoa NT, Hai NN, Lan NN, Lan NT, Quy HT, Dung NH, Hien TT, Chinh NT, Simmons CP, de Jong M, Wolbers M, Farrar JJ. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)--associated tuberculous meningitis.3 Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jun;52(11):1374-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596680
6 Timing of ART initiation (cryptococcal meningitis): Eshun-Wilson I, Okwen MP, Richardson M, Bicanic T. Early versus delayed antiretroviral treatment in HIV-positive people with cryptococcal meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jul 24;7(7):CD009012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30039850/
Timing of ART initiation (cryptococcal meningitis): National Department of Health: National Consolidated Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Adolescents, Children and Infants and Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission, June 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/national-consolidated-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-adolescents-children-andinfants
Timing of ART initiation (cryptococcal meningitis): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
7 Timing of ART initiation (asymptomatic cryptococcosis): Govender NP, Meintjes G, Mangena P, Nel J, Potgieter S, Reddy D, Rabie H, et al. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal disease among HIV-infected persons: 2019 update. South Afr J HIV Med. 2019 Nov 8;20(1):1030. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32201629/
8 Psychosocial indicators of readiness for ART: WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
9 Dolutegravir, oral (first-line ART): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Dolutegravir in HIV‐infected patients commencing first‐line antiretroviral therapy, updated 27 July 2021 (including addendum of use of dolutegravir with rifampicin). https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Dolutegravir, oral (first-line ART): Rutherford GW, Horvath H. Dolutegravir Plus Two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors versus Efavirenz Plus Two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors As Initial Antiretroviral Therapy for People with HIV: A Systematic Review. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 13;11(10):e0162775. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27736859
Dolutegravir, oral (first-line ART): South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
10 Dolutegravir, oral (first-line ART in pregnancy/ WOCP): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Dolutegravir in pregnant women and women of child-bearing potential (WOCP), 17 June 2021. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Dolutegravir, oral (risk of NTDs): National Department of Health. Notice: Updated guidance of dolutegravir in pregnancy, 29 June 2021 (Reference: 2021/06/29/EDP/01). https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/e-library
11 Dolutegravir, oral (first-line ART with concomitant rifampicin): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Dolutegravir in HIV‐infected patients commencing first‐line antiretroviral therapy, updated 27 July 2021 (including addendum of use of dolutegravir with rifampicin). https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Dolutegravir, oral (first-line ART with concomitant rifampicin): Dooley KE, Sayre P, Borland J, Purdy E, Chen S, Song I, et al. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the HIV integrase inhibitor dolutegravir given twice daily with rifampin or once daily with rifabutin: results of a phase 1 study among healthy subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 62(1):21-27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23075918/
Dolutegravir, oral (first-line ART with concomitant rifampicin): Dooley KE, Kaplan R, Mwelase N, Grinsztejn B, Ticona E, Lacerda M, et al. Dolutegravir-based Antiretroviral Therapy for Patients Coinfected With Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Multicenter, Noncomparative, Open-label, Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 70(4):549-556. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30918967/
12 National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC/Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Atazanavir/ritonavir vs lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV, 27July2021. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
13 TAF: NDoH review: Tenofovir alafenamide for HIV_14 March 2024_v4_final
14 Abacavir: Cruciani M, Mengoli C, Malena M, Serpelloni G, Parisi SG, Moyle G, Bosco O. Virological efficacy of abacavir: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014 Dec;69(12):3169-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25074854
15 Dual therapy – dolutegravir/lamivudine: Cahn P, Madero JS, Arribas JR, Antinori A, Ortiz R, Clarke AE, et al; GEMINI Study Team. Dolutegravir plus lamivudine versus dolutegravir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (GEMINI-1 and GEMINI-2): week 48 results from two multicentre, double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2019 Jan 12;393(10167):143-155. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30420123
Dual therapy – dolutegravir/lamivudine: Hidalgo-Tenorio C, Cortés LL, Gutiérrez A, Santos J, Omar M, Gálvez C, et al. DOLAMA study: Effectiveness, safety and pharmacoeconomic analysis of dual therapy with dolutegravir and lamivudine in virologically suppressed HIV-1 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Aug;98(32):e16813. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31393412
16 South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023. Accessible at https://knowledgehub.health.gov.za/system/files/elibdownloads/2023-07/National%20ART%20Clinical%20Guideline%20AR%204.5%2020230713%20Version%204%20WEB.pdf
17 South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023. Accessible at https://knowledgehub.health.gov.za/system/files/elibdownloads/2023-07/National%20ART%20Clinical%20Guideline%20AR%204.5%2020230713%20Version%204%20WEB.pdf
18 Dolutegravir, oral (double-dose with concomitant rifampicin): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Dolutegravir in HIV‐infected patients commencing first‐line antiretroviral therapy, updated 27 July 2021 (including addendum of use of dolutegravir with rifampicin). https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Dolutegravir, oral (double-dose with concomitant rifampicin): Dooley KE, Sayre P, Borland J, Purdy E, Chen S, Song I, et al. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the HIV integrase inhibitor dolutegravir given twice daily with rifampin or once daily with rifabutin: results of a phase 1 study among healthy subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013 Jan 1;62(1):21-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23075918/
Dolutegravir, oral (double-dose with concomitant rifampicin): Dooley KE, Kaplan R, Mwelase N, Grinsztejn B, Ticona E, Lacerda M, et al; International Study of Patients with HIV on Rifampicin ING study group. Dolutegravir-based Antiretroviral Therapy for Patients Coinfected With Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Multicenter, Noncomparative, Open-label, Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Feb 3;70(4):549-556. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30918967/
19 Screen for Cryptococcus antigen: South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
20 Urine dipstick: Han TM, Naicker S, Ramdial PK, Assounga AG. A cross-sectional study of HIV-seropositive patients with varying degrees of proteinuria in South Africa. Kidney Int. 2006 Jun;69(12):2243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16672914
21 LAM urine testing (DS-TB): Bjerrum S, Schiller I, Dendukuri N, Kohli M, Nathavitharana RR, Zwerling AA, et al. Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay for detecting active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 21;10:CD011420. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31633805
LAM urine testing (DS-TB): National Department of Health. Guidance on the use of the lipoarabinomannan lateral flow assay (LF-LAM) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in people living with HIV, July 2017. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/
22 Emtricitabine, oral (red cell aplasia adverse drug reaction): Cohen K, Viljoen C, Njuguna C, Maartens G. Emtricitabine-associated red cell aplasia. AIDS. 2019 May 1;33(6):1095-1096. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30946164
23 Efavirenz, oral (encephalopathy adverse drug reaction): Variava E, Sigauke FR, Norman J, Rakgokong M, Muchichwa P, Mochan A, Maartens G, Martinson NA. Brief Report: Late Efavirenz-Induced Ataxia and Encephalopathy: A Case Series. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017 Aug 15;75(5):577-579. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28520619
24 Dosing of ART and ADRs: South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/national-consolidated-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-adolescents-children-and-infants
Dosing of ART and ADRs: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
Dosing of ART and ADRs: Datapharm Ltd. Electronic medicines compendium (emc). [Internet][Accessed 28 November 2019] https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/
Dosing of ART (renal impairment): Lucas GM, Ross MJ, Stock PG, Shlipak MG, Wyatt CM, Gupta SK, et al.; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guideline for the management of chronic kidney disease in patients infected with HIV: 2014 update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 1;59(9):e96-138. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25234519
Dosing of ART (renal impairment): Meintjes G, Moorhouse MA, Carmona S, Davies N, Dlamini S, van Vuuren C, Manzini T, et al. Adult antiretroviral therapy guidelines 2017. South Afr J HIV Med. 2017 Jul 15;18(1):776. doi: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v18i1.776. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29568644/
25 ART-rifampicin drug interaction: WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
ART-rifampicin drug interaction: South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
26 Drug interactions with dolutegravir: WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Drug interactions with dolutegravir: South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
27 Atazanavir-PPI/H2-anatagonist interaction: University of Liverpool HIV Drug Interaction online tool. https://www.hivdruginteractions.org/checker
Atazanavir-PPI interaction: Khanlou H, Farthing C. Co-administration of atazanavir with proton-pump inhibitors and H2 blockers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Aug 1;39(4):503. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16010179
Atazanavir-PPI interaction: European Medicines Agency. Public Statement: Important new pharmacokinetic data demonstrating that REYATAZ(atazanavir sulfate) combined with NORVIR (ritonavir) and omeprazole should not be co-administered, 21 December 2004. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/important-new-pharmacokinetic-data-demonstrating-reyataz-atazanavir-sulfate-combined-norvir_en.pdf
28 Cotrimoxazole, oral (indications for primary prophylaxis): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Cotrimoxazole, oral (primary prophylaxis in pregnancy): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Evidence summary: Is co-trimoxazole safe to use in pregnancy, March 2011. http://www.health.gov.za/
29 Cotrimoxazole, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine review: CD4 cut‐off for cotrimoxazole for OI prophylaxis in PLHIV, May 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Cotrimoxazole, oral: Grimwade K, Swingler, G. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in adults with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD003108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917946
30 Cotrimoxazole, oral (criteria for discontinuation): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Cotrimoxazole, oral (criteria for discontinuation): National Department of Health: National Consolidated Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Adolescents, Children and Infants and Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission, June 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/national-consolidated-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-adolescents-children-and-infants
31 Isoniazid (IPT): Affordable Medicines, EDP- Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Isoniazid TB prophylaxis in PLHIV, November 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Isoniazid (IPT): Rangaka MX, Wilkinson RJ, Boulle A, Glynn JR, Fielding K, van Cutsem G, et al. Isoniazid plus antiretroviral therapy to prevent tuberculosis: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2014;384(9944):682-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2483584
Isoniazid (IPT): Affordable Medicines, EDP- Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Rifapentine (3HP) as TPT in PLHIV, November 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Isoniazid (IPT): Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Rifapentine (3HP) as TPT in PLHIV on DTG-regimens, November 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
32 Rifapentine-containing regimen (3HP): Affordable Medicines, EDP- Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Rifapentine (3HP) as TPT in PLHIV, November 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Rifapentine-containing regimen (3HP): Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Rifapentine (3HP) as TPT in PLHIV on DTG-regimens, November 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
33 IPT in pregnancy: Affordable Medicines, EDP- Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Evidence review: IPT in pregnancy_v1.2_15 April 2024_final approved. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
34 ART - Candidiasis, oesophageal: WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
35 CrAg screening (CD4 < 100 cells/mm3): Meya DB, Manabe YC, Castelnuovo B, Cook BA, Elbireer AM, Kambugu A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of serum cryptococcal antigen screening to prevent deaths among HIV-infected persons with a CD4+ cell count < or = 100 cells/microL who start HIV therapy in resource-limited settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Aug 15;51(4):448-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20597693
CrAg screening (CD4 < 100 cells/mm3): Ford N, Shubber Z, Jarvis JN, Chiller T, Greene G, Migone C, Vitoria M, Doherty M, Meintjes G. CD4 Cell Count Threshold for Cryptococcal Antigen Screening of HIV-Infected Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Mar 4;66(suppl_2):S152-S159. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29514236/
CrAg screening (CD4 < 100 cells/mm3): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
36 Fluconazole, oral (pre-referral dose for cryptococcosis): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
37 Fluconazole, oral (cryptococcosis): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Fluconazole, oral (cryptococcosis): Govender NP, Meintjes G, Mangena P, Nel J, Potgieter S, Reddy D, et al. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal disease among HIV-infected persons: 2019 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2019;20(1):a1030. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v20i1.1030
Fluconazole, oral (cryptococcosis): NICD data on file
38 Fluconazole, oral (cryptococcosis): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Fluconazole, oral (cryptococcosis): Govender NP, Meintjes G, Mangena P, Nel J, Potgieter S, Reddy D, et al. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal disease among HIV-infected persons: 2019 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2019;20(1):a1030. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v20i1.1030
Fluconazole, oral (cryptococcosis): NICD data on file.
39 ART (delayed): Makadzange AT, Ndhlovu CE, Takarinda K, Reid M, Kurangwa M, Gona P, Hakim JG. Early versus delayed initiation of antiretroviral therapy for concurrent HIV infection and cryptococcal meningitis in sub-saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jun 1;50(11):1532-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20415574
ART (delayed): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
ART (delayed): Govender NP, Meintjes G, Mangena P, Nel J, Potgieter S, Reddy D, et al. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal disease among HIV-infected persons: 2019 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2019;20(1):a1030. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v20i1.1030
40 Fluconazole, oral (pregnancy): Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 29;369(9):830-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23984730
Fluconazole, oral (pregnancy): Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Svanström H, Melbye M, Hviid A, Pasternak B. Association Between Use of Oral Fluconazole During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion and Stillbirth. JAMA. 2016 Jan 5;315(1):58-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26746458
Fluconazole, oral (pregnancy): Govender NP, Meintjes G, Mangena P, Nel J, Potgieter S, Reddy D, et al. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal disease among HIV-infected persons: 2019 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2019;20(1):a1030. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v20i1.1030
41 Fluconazole, oral (breastfeeding): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
Fluconazole, oral (breastfeeding): Govender NP, Meintjes G, Mangena P, Nel J, Potgieter S, Reddy D, et al. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal disease among HIV-infected persons: 2019 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2019;20(1):a1030. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v20i1.1030
42 Antivirals to treat herpes simplex (therapeutic class): Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Jun 5;64(RR-03):1-137. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Aug 28;64(33):924. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815
43 Antivirals to treat herpes zoster (therapeutic class): McDonald EM, De Kock J, Ram FS. Antivirals for management of herpes zoster including ophthalmicus: a systematic review of high-quality randomized controlled trials. Antiviral Therapy 2012; 17(2): 255-264. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300753
44 Management HIV-infected children and adolescents: WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Management HIV-infected children and adolescents: South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
45 PMTCT(risk-stratified): Beste S, Essajee S, Siberry G, Hannaford A, Dara J, Sugandhi N, Penazzato M. Optimal Antiretroviral Prophylaxis in Infants at High Risk of Acquiring HIV: A Systematic Review. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018 Feb;37(2):169-175. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29319636
PMTCT(risk-stratified): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
46 PMTCT (HIV prophylaxis in high risk infants – management of high maternal VL after delivery): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
PMTCT (HIV prophylaxis in high risk infants – management of high maternal VL after delivery): South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
47 PMTCT (Infant of unknown HIV-exposure): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
PMTCT (Infant of unknown HIV-exposure): South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
48 PMTCT Nielsen-Saines K, et. al. Three Postpartum Antiretroviral Regimens to prevent Intrapartum HIV infection. NEJM. 2012;366:2368-2379.
49 Monitoring in HIV-infected children: WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Monitoring in HIV-infected children: South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
50 Eligibility criteria for ART (children): World Health Organisation. WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Eligibility criteria for ART (children): South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
51 ART regimen algorithm (children): South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
52 Adjustment of previous 1st line regimens/switching algorithm (children): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Adjustment of previous 1st line regimens/switching algorithm (children): South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
53 Lopinavir/ritonavir weight-band dosing (children): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Lopinavir/ritonavir weight-band dosing (children): South African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023.
54 NDoH Paeditraic EML. 2023.Ed July 2023.
Temporal Trends in Co-trimoxazole Use Among Children on Antiretroviral Therapy and the Impact of Co-trimoxazole on Mortality Rates in Children Without Severe Immunodeficiency | Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society | Oxford Academic (oup.com)
55 PrEP regimen (Tenofovir + emtricitabine): Fonner VA, Dalglish SL, Kennedy CE, Baggaley R, O'reilly KR, Koechlin FM, Rodolph M, Hodges-Mameletzis I, Grant RM. Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for all populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. AIDS. 2016 Jul 31;30(12):1973-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27149090
PrEP regimen (Tenofovir + emtricitabine): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
56 PrEP regimen (Tenofovir + emtricitabine: adequate dosing): Patterson KB, Prince HA, Kraft E, Jenkins AJ, Shaheen NJ, Rooney JF, Cohen MS, Kashuba AD. Penetration of tenofovir and emtricitabine in mucosal tissues: implications for prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Sci Transl Med. 2011 Dec 7;3(112):112re4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158861
PrEP regimen (Tenofovir + emtricitabine: adequate dosing): National Department of Health. 2021 Updated guidelines for the provision of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (prep) to persons at substantial risk of HIV infection. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/
57 Renal function monitoring (oral PrEP): National Department of Health. 2021 Updated guidelines for the provision of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (prep) to persons at substantial risk of HIV infection. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/
58 Stopping oral PrEP (Tenofovir + emtricitabine): National Department of Health. 2021 Updated guidelines for the provision of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (prep) to persons at substantial risk of HIV infection. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2020-2024_Version 2.1_09 December 2024
Chapter 11: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV AND AIDS)_References