References - Infections and Related Conditions
1. Antivirals to treat varicella zoster, oral- adults (therapeutic class):Tunbridge AJ, Breuer J, Jeffery KJ; British Infection Society. Chickenpox in adults - clinical management. J Infect. 2008 Aug;57(2):95-102. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18555533 2. Artesunate, IV: Artesunate, parenteral: Sinclair D, Donegan S, Isba R, Lalloo DG. Artesunate versus quinine for treating severe malaria.
1. Antivirals to treat varicella zoster, oral- adults (therapeutic class):Tunbridge AJ, Breuer J, Jeffery KJ; British Infection Society. Chickenpox in adults - clinical management. J Infect. 2008 Aug;57(2):95-102. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18555533
2. Artesunate, IV: Artesunate, parenteral: Sinclair D, Donegan S, Isba R, Lalloo DG. Artesunate versus quinine for treating severe malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jun 13;6:CD005967. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696354
Artesunate, IV (standard dosing): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
3. Artesunate, IV (dosing for <20kg): Hendriksen IC, Mtove G, Kent A, Gesase S, Reyburn H, Lemnge MM, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artesunate in African children with severe malaria: implications for a practical dosing regimen. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013 May;93(5):443-50. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23511715/
Artesunate, IV (dosing for <20kg): WHO Guidelines for malaria, 25 November 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 (WHO/UCN/GMP/2022.01 Rev.3). License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Artesunate, IV (dosing for <20kg): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
4. Doxycyline, oral (non-pregnant adults): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC/Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Malaria chemoprophylaxis, June 2021. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelinesand-essential-medicines-list
5. Doxycyline, oral (children): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
6. Azithromycin, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
7. Praziquantel, oral (dosing in children and adults): Kramer CV, Zhang F, Sinclair D, Olliaro PL. Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 6;(8):CD000053. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25099517
Praziquantel, oral (dosing in children and adults): Danso-Appiah A, Olliaro PL, Donegan S, Sinclair D, Utzinger J. Drugs for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28; 2):CD000528. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450530
8. Antivirals to treat herpes zoster, oral (therapeutic class): McDonald EM, De Kock J, Ram FS. Antivirals for management of herpes zoster including ophthalmicus: a systematic review of high-quality randomized controlled trials. Antiviral Therapy 2012; 17(2): 255-264. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300753
9. Paracetamol, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
10. Tramadol, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
11. Amitriptyline, oral: Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 6;2015(7):CD008242. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26146793/
Amitriptyline, oral: Dworkin RH, Schmader KE. Treatment and prevention of postherpetic neuralgia. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Apr 1; 36(7):877-82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12652389
12. Azithromycin, oral (children < 45 kg): Meloni G, Meloni T. Azithromycin vs. doxycycline for Mediterranean spotted fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15(11):1042-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8933556
Azithromycin, oral: Chapman AS, Bakken JS, Folk SM, Paddock CD, Bloch KC, Krusell A, Sexton DJ, Buckingham SC, Marshall GS, Storch GA, Dasch GA, McQuiston JH, Swerdlow DL, Dumler SJ, Nicholson WL, Walker DH, Eremeeva ME, Ohl CA; TickborneRickettsial Diseases Working Group.; CDC.. Diagnosis and management of tickbornerickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis--United States: a practical guide for physicians and other health-care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006 Mar 31;55(RR-4):1-27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572105
13. Chapman AS, Bakken JS, Folk SM, Paddock CD, Bloch KC, Krusell A, et al.; Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases Working Group; CDC. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis‐‐United States: a practical guide for physicians and other healthcare and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006 Mar 31;55(RR‐4):1‐27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572105
14. Doxycycline (pregnancy – tick bite fever): Frean J, Grayson W. South African Tick Bite Fever: An Overview. Dermatopathology (Basel). 2019 Jun 26;6(2):70-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31700846/
Doxycycline (pregnancy – tick bite fever): Cross R, Ling C, Day NP, McGready R, Paris DH. Revisiting doxycycline in pregnancy and early childhood--time to rebuild its reputation? Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016;15(3):367-82. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26680308/
Doxycycline (pregnancy – tick bite fever): McGready R, Prakash JA, Benjamin SJ, Watthanaworawit W, Anantatat T, Tanganuchitcharnchai A, et al. Pregnancy outcome in relation to treatment of murine typhus and scrub typhus infection: a fever cohort and a case series analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Nov 20;8(11):e3327. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25412503/
Doxycycline (pregnancy – tick bite fever): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022. Doxycycline (pregnancy – tick bite fever): Cooper WO, Hernandez-Diaz S, Arbogast PG, Dudley JA, Dyer SM, Gideon PS, et al. Antibiotics potentially used in response to bioterrorism and the risk of major congenital malformations. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2009 Jan;23(1):18-28. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19228311/
15. Paracetamol, oral (children - headache and fever in tick bite fever): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatmentguidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
16. Paracetamol, oral (adults - headache and fever in tick bite fever): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essentialmedicines-list
17. Ceftriaxone, IM (adults): National Department of Health. National guidelines for recognition & management of viral haemorrhagic fevers, 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/
18. Risk factors for COVID-19: National Department of Health. Clinical management of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 disease version 6 (September 2021). https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/clinical-management-suspected-or-confirmed-covid-19- disease
Risk factors for COVID-19: Mendelson M, Boloko L, Boutall A et al. Clinical management of COVID-19: Experiences of the COVID-19 epidemic from Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. S Afr Med J 2020;110(10):973-981. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v110i10.15157
Risk factors for COVID-19: Li L, Li F, Fortunati F, Krystal JH. Association of a Prior Psychiatric Diagnosis With Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Sep 1;3(9):e2023282. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32997123/
19. Antigen and PCR tests (COVID-19): National Department of Health. Guide to antigen testing for SARS-COV-2 in South Africa, 21 July 2021.
20. Covid 19: National Department of Health. Clinical management of suspected or confirmed Covid-19 disease Version 6 (September 2021). https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/clinical-management-suspected-or-confirmed-covid-19- disease
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2020-2024_Version 1.1_20 January 2025
Chapter 10: Infections and Related Conditions_References - Infections and Related Conditions