References - Medicines used in Palliative Care
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition
i Palliative Care: SA Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool (SPICTTM-SA). Available: file:///C:/Users/27798/Downloads/Version-2-SPICT-SA-Dec-2020%20(3).pdf.
ii Corticosteroids, oral/IV (anorexia/cachexia): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Medicine Review: Betamethasone/dexamethasone for management of anorexia in adult palliative care patients, 29 July 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Corticosteroids, oral/IV (anorexia/cachexia): Miller S, McNutt L, McCann MA, McCorry N. Use of corticosteroids for anorexia in palliative medicine: a systematic review. J Palliat Med. 2014 Apr;17(4):482-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24702642
Corticosteroids, oral/IV (anorexia/cachexia): Back I., Watson M., Lucas C., Hoy A. and Armstrong P. 2012. Anorexia, cachexia and asthenia. Palliative Care Guidelines Plus [Internet]. [Accessed 23 November 2017]. Available: http://book.pallcare.info/index.php?p=pdf&op_target=print&id=339&media=pdf&pdffmt=1&dg=1
iii Sennosides A and B, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
Sennosides A and B, oral: Librach SL, Bouvette M, De Angelis C, Farley J, Oneschuk D, Pereira JL, Syme A; Canadian Consensus Development Group for Constipation in Patients with Advanced Progressive Illness. Consensus recommendations for the management of constipation in patients with advanced, progressive illness. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010 Nov;40(5):761-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075273
iv Lactulose, oral: Librach SL, Bouvette M, De Angelis C, Farley J, Oneschuk D, Pereira JL, Syme A; Canadian Consensus Development Group for Constipation in Patients with Advanced Progressive Illness. Consensus recommendations for the management of constipation in patients with advanced, progressive illness. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010 Nov;40(5):761-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075273
Sennosides A and B, oral AND lactulose: Candy B, Jones L, Larkin PJ, Vickerstaff V, Tookman A, Stone P. Laxatives for the management of constipation in people receiving palliative care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 May 13;(5):CD003448. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25967924
v Bisacodyl suppository: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). Rapid response report ‐ Routine Bowel Care for Patients in Long‐Term or Palliative Care: Guidelines; 2015 Dec 7. [Internet]. Canadian [cited 2017 October 30]. Available from: https://www.cadth.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/htis/dec-2015/RB0940%20Bowel%20Care%20in%20LTC%20Final.pdf
Bisacodyl suppository: Larkin PJ, Sykes NP, Centeno C, Ellershaw JE, Elsner F, Eugene B, Gootjes JRG, Naba M, Noguera IA, Ripamonti C, Zucco F, Zuurmond WWA. The management of constipation in palliative care: clinical practice recommendations Palliative Medicine. Vol 22, Issue 7, pp.796 – 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0269216308096908
Bisacodyl suppository: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Medicine Review: Bisacodyl suppository in palliative care, 29 August 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
vi Palliative Medicine: Cherny N, Fallon M, Kaasa S. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: OUP Oxford; 2015. Available from: http://UOCT.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=2012658.
vii Metoclopramide, oral nausea and vomiting): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
viii Haloperidol, oral/parenteral: Digges M, Hussein A, Wilcock A, Crawford GB, Boland JW, Agar MR, Sinnarajah A, Currow DC, Johnson MJ. Pharmacovigilance in Hospice/Palliative Care: Net Effect of Haloperidol for Nausea or Vomiting. J Palliat Med. 2018 Jan;21(1):37-43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28772094
Haloperidol, oral/parenteral: Doyle D, Woodruff R. The IAHPC Manual of Palliative Care. 3rd ed. IAHPC Press, 2013. Available from: https://hospicecare.com/what-we-do/publications/manual-of-palliative-care/ [Accessed August 2019]
ix Olanzapine, oral (anti-emetic): Saudemont, G., Prod’Homme, C., Da Silva, A. et al. The use of olanzapine as an antiemetic in palliative medicine: a systematic review of the literature. BMC Palliat Care 19, 56 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-020-00559-4
Olanzapine, oral (anti-emetic): Palliative Medicine: Cherny N, Fallon M, Kaasa S. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: OUP Oxford; 2015. Available from: http://UOCT.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=2012658.
Olanzapine (Adults: Nausea and vomiting in palliative care): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- Adult. Medicine Review: Olanzapine injection, orodispersible. Adult palliative care patients with nausea and vomiting not responding to metoclopramide, November 2022. http://www.health.gov.za/
x Orphenadrine, oral (parkinsonism side-effects): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xi Promethazine, IM/IV: Wiffen, P. Palliative Care Formulay 5th edition, 2014. http://www.palliativedrugs.com/
xii Benzodiazepines: Salt S, Mulvaney CA, Preston NJ. Drug therapy for symptoms associated with anxiety in adult palliative care patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 18;5:CD004596. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28521070
xiii Diazepam, oral (anxiety): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xiv Lorazepam, oral (anxiety): BCGuidelines.ca. Palliative Care for the Patient with Incurable Cancer or Advanced Disease - Part 2: Pain and Symptom Management, 22 February 2017 [Internet] [Accessed 23 November 2017]. Available at: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/palliative-pain-management
xv Lorazepam, oral formulation administered sublingually (anxiety): Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Pharmacokinetic comparison of sublingual lorazepam with intravenous, intramuscular, and oral lorazepam. J Pharm Sci. 1982 Feb;71(2):248-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6121043
xvi Diazepam, parenteral (liver impairment): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xvii Benzodiazepines: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xviii SSRIs, oral (anxiety): Salt S, Mulvaney CA, Preston NJ. Drug therapy for symptoms associated with anxiety in adult palliative care patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 18;5:CD004596. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28521070
xix Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): Baldwin D, Woods R, Lawson R, Taylor D. Efficacy of drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d1199. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21398351
Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xx Citalopram, oral (anxiety): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xxi Lorazepam (): Hui D, Frisbee-Hume S, Wilson A, Dibaj SS, Nguyen T, De La Cruz M, Walker P, Zhukovsky DS, Delgado-Guay M, Vidal M, Epner D, Reddy A, Tanco K, Williams J, Hall S, Liu D, Hess K, Amin S, Breitbart W, Bruera E. Effect of Lorazepam With Haloperidol vs Haloperidol Alone on Agitated Delirium in Patients With Advanced Cancer Receiving Palliative Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Sep 19;318(11):1047-1056. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28975307
Lorazepam dose: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xxii Lorazepam, oral formulation administered sublingually (anxiety): Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Pharmacokinetic comparison of sublingual lorazepam with intravenous, intramuscular, and oral lorazepam. J Pharm Sci. 1982 Feb;71(2):248-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6121043
xxiii Midazolam, IV/SC (delirium): NHS Scotland. Scottish Palliative Care Guidelines – Delirium, 15 April 2014. [Internet] [Accessed 23 November 2017] Available at: http://www.palliativecareguidelines.scot.nhs.uk/guidelines/symptom-control/Delirium.aspx
Midazolam, IV/SC (delirium): Bush SH, Tierney S, Lawlor PG. Clinical Assessment and Management of Delirium in the Palliative Care Setting. Drugs. 2017 Oct;77(15):1623-1643. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28864877
xxiv SSRIs, oral (anxiety): Salt S, Mulvaney CA, Preston NJ. Drug therapy for symptoms associated with anxiety in adult palliative care patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 18;5:CD004596. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28521070
xxv Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): Baldwin D, Woods R, Lawson R, Taylor D. Efficacy of drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d1199. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21398351
Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xxvi Citalopram, oral (anxiety): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xxvii Corticosteroids (fatigue): Mücke M; Mochamat, Cuhls H, Peuckmann-Post V, Minton O, Stone P, Radbruch L. Pharmacological treatments for fatigue associated with palliative care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 May 30;(5):CD006788. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26026155
Corticosteroids (fatigue): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Medicine Review: Betamethasone/dexamethasone for management of fatigue in adult palliative care patients, 29 July 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Corticosteroids (fatigue): Radbruch L, Strasser F, Elsner F, Gonçalves JF, Løge J, Kaasa S, Nauck F, Stone P; Research Steering Committee of the European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC). Fatigue in palliative care patients -- an EAPC approach. Palliat Med. 2008 Jan;22(1):13-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216074
xxviii Hyoscine butylbromide, SC/IM, (respiratory secretions): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital Level. Medicine Review: Hyoscine butylbromide for management of respiratory secretions in adult palliative care patients, December 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Hyoscine butylbromide, SC/IM, (respiratory secretions): NICE guideline: Care of dying adults in the last days of life, 16 December 2015. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng31
Hyoscine butylbromide, SC/IM, (respiratory secretions): NHS Lanarkshire Palliative Care Guidelines, March 2012. [Internet] [Accessed January 2018] Available at: http://www.nhslanarkshire.org.uk/Services/PalliativeCare/Documents/NHS%20Lanarkshire%20Palliative%20Care%20Guidelines.pdf
Hyoscine butylbromide, SC/IM, (respiratory secretions): Waitemata District Health Board Palliative Care Guidelines: Hyoscine N-Butylbromide, subcutaneous, April 2016. [Internet] [Accessed January 2018] Available at: http://www.waitematadhb.govt.nz/health-professionals/medicines/palliative-care-guidelines/
xxix Lorazepam, oral formulation administered sublingually (anxiety): Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Pharmacokinetic comparison of sublingual lorazepam with intravenous, intramuscular, and oral lorazepam. J Pharm Sci. 1982 Feb;71(2):248-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6121043
xxx Olanzapine, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.
xxxi Midazolam IV/SC: Schildmann EK, Schildmann J, Kiesewetter I. Medication and monitoring in palliative sedation therapy: a systematic review and quality assessment of published guidelines. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2015 Apr;49(4):734-46. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25242022
Midazolam, SC/IV: Cherny NI, Radbruch L; Board of the European Association for Palliative Care. European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) recommended framework for the use of sedation in palliative care. Palliat Med. 2009 Oct;23(7):581-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19858355
xxxii Metronidazole (Wound Odor): De Castro DLV, de Gouveia Santos VLC. Controlling wound odor with metronidazole: a systematic review. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2015, 49 (5):851-856.
Metronidazole (Malodorous fungating tumours): Ashford R, Plant G, Maher J, Teare L. Double-blind trial of metronidazole in malodorous ulcerating tumours. Lancet. 1984;1(8388):1232-3.
Metronidazole (Malodorous fungating tumours): Bower M, Stein R, Evans TR, Hedley A, Coombes RC. A doble-blind study of the efficacy of metronidazole gel in the treatment of malodorous fungating tumours. Eur J Cancer. 1992;28A(4-5):888-9.
xxxiii (Activated Charcoal Dressings): Kerihuel JC. Effect of activated charcoal dressings on healing outcomes of chronic wounds. J Wound Care. 2010 May;19(5):208, 210-2, 214-5. doi: 10.12968/jowc.2010.19.5.48047. PMID: 20505594.
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Adult Hospital Level, 2020-2024_Version 1.0_07 November 2024
Chapter 24: Medicines used in Palliative Care_References - Medicines used in Palliative Care