Neobook — clinical reference

[1] DMARDs - 3 month time point: Aletaha D, Alasti F, Smolen JS. Optimisation of a treat-to-target approach in rheumatoid arthritis: strategies for the 3-month time point. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Aug;75(8):1479-85. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26420577

DMARDs - 3 month time point: Smolen JS, Landewé R, Bijlsma J, Burmester G, Chatzidionysiou K, Dougados M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Jun;76(6):960-977. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28264816

DMARDs - 3 month time point: Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, Akl EA, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Jan;68(1):1-26. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26545940

[2] Folic acid: Shea B, Swinden MV, TanjongGhogomu E, Ortiz Z, Katchamart W, Rader T, Bombardier C, Wells GA, Tugwell P. Folic acid and folinic acid for reducing side effects in patients receiving methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 May 31;5:CD000951. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24737913

[3] Sulfasalazine, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[4] Corticosteroids, oral (3-6 months): Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Markusse HM, van de Laar MA, Westhovens R,van DenderenJC, van Zeben D, Dijkmans BA, Peeters AJ, Jacobs P, van den Brink HR, Schouten HJ, van der Heijde DM, Boonen A, van der Linden S. Randomised comparison of combined step-down prednisolone, methotrexate and sulphasalazine with sulphasalazine alone in early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1997 Aug 2;350(9074):309-18. Erratum in: Lancet 1998 Jan 17;351(9097):220. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9251634

Corticosteroids, oral (3-6 months):Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, van Zeben D, KerstensPJ, Hazes JM, Zwinderman AH, Ronday HK, Han KH, Westedt ML, Gerards AH, van Groenendael JH, Lems WF, van KrugtenMV, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Nov;52(11):3381-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16258899

Corticosteroids, oral (3-6 months): Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, Akl EA, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, Vaysbrot E, McNaughton C, Osani M, Shmerling RH, Curtis JR, Furst DE, Parks D, Kavanaugh A, O'Dell J, King C, Leong A, Matteson EL, Schousboe JT, Drevlow B, Ginsberg S, Grober J, St Clair EW, Tindall E, Miller AS, McAlindon T. 2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Jan;68(1):1-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26545940

Corticosteroids, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology.University of Cape Town, 2016.

[5] NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. NSAIDs – comparative review of efficacy and safety, 15 January2018. http://www.health.gov.za

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Van Walsem A, Pandhi S, Nixon RM, Guyot P, Karabis A, Moore RA. Relative benefit-risk comparing diclofenac to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta- analysis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2015;17:66. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879879

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Nissen SE, Yeomans ND, Solomon DH, Lüscher TF, et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis. N Engl J Med 2016;375:2519-29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28379793

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Coxib and traditional NSAID Trialists’ (CNT) Collaboration. Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2013; 382: 769–79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23726390

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta- analysis. BMJ 2011;342:c7086. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224324

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Ong CKS, Lirk P, Tan Ch, Seymour RA. An evidence-based update on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clinical Medicine and Research 2007; 5(1):19-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17456832

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Stam WB, Jansen JP, Taylor SD. Efficacy of etoricoxib, lumiracoxib, non-selective NSAIDs, and acetaminophen in osteoarthritis: a mixed treatment comparison. The Open Rheumatology Journal 2012; 6:6-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582102

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Bello AE, Holt RJ. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: clinical implications. Drug Saf. 2014 Nov;37(11):897-902. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25079141

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[6] PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): McQuaid KR ,Laine L . Systemic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2006;119:624–38.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16887404

PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Serrano P, Lanas A, Arroyo MT, Ferreira IJ. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking low-dose aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Aliment PharmacolTher. 2002 Nov;16(11):1945-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12390104

PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Narum S, Westergren T, Klemp M. Corticosteroids and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2014 May15;4(5):e004587. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833682

PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, Blandizzi C; SIF-AIGO- FIMMG Group; Italian Society of Pharmacology, the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists, and the Italian Federation of General Practitioners. Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression. BMC Med. 2016 Nov9;14(1):179. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27825371

[7] Intra-articular corticosteroids: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[8] Cefazolin, IV: Loubet P, Burdet C, Vindrios W, Grall N, Wolff M, Yazdanpanah Y, AndremontA, Duval X, Lescure FX. Cefazolin versus anti-staphylococcal penicillins for treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a narrative review. ClinMicrobiol Infect. 2017 Jul 8.pii: S1198-743X(17)30358-0. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28698037

Cefazolin, IV: Bai AD, Showler A, Burry L, Steinberg M, Ricciuto DR, Fernandes T, Chiu A, Raybardhan S, Science M, Fernando E, Tomlinson G, Bell CM, Morris AM. Comparative effectiveness of cefazolin versus cloxacillin as definitive antibiotic therapy for MSSA bacteraemia: results from a large multicentre cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015 May;70(5):1539-46. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25614044

Cefazolin, IV: Perovic O, Singh-Moodley A, Govender NP, Kularatne R, Whitelaw A, Chibabhai V, Naicker P, Mbelle N, Lekalakala R, Quan V, Samuel C, Van Schalkwyk E; for GERMS-SA. A small proportion of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, compared to healthcare-associated cases, in two South African provinces. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017 Dec;36(12):2519-2532. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28849285

Cefazolin, IV: Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, Hirschmann JV, Kaplan SL, Montoya JG, Wade JC; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul15;59(2):e10-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24973422

[9] Clindamycin, oral dose: Bouazza N, Pestre V, Jullien V, Curis E, Urien S, Salmon D, Tréluyer JM. Population pharmacokinetics of clindamycin orally and intravenously administered in patients with osteomyelitis. Br J ClinPharmacol. 2012 Dec;74(6):971-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22486719

Clindamycin, oral dose: Wasserman et al. South African antibiotic stewardship programme (SAASP): A pocket guide to antibiotic prescribing for adults in South Africa,2014. http://www.fidssa.co.za/images/SAASP_Antibiotic_Gudidelines_2015.pdf

[10] Ceftriaxone, IV: Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Jun 5;64(RR-03):1-137. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Aug 28;64(33):924. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815

Azithromycin, oral: Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Jun 5;64(RR-03):1-137. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Aug 28;64(33):924. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815

[11] NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. NSAIDs – comparative review of efficacy and safety, 15 January2018. http://www.health.gov.za

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:c7086. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224324

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[12] NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. NSAIDs – comparative review of efficacy and safety, 15 January2018. http://www.health.gov.za

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:c7086. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224324

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[13] Ibuprofen-aspirin interaction: Gladding PA, Webster MW, Farrell HB, Zeng IS, Park R, Ruijne N. The antiplatelet effect of six non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their pharmacodynamic interaction with aspirin in healthy volunteers. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Apr 1;101(7). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359332

Ibuprofen-aspirin interaction: Meek IL, Vonkeman HE, Kasemier J, Movig KL, van de Laar MA. Interference of NSAIDs with the thrombocyte inhibitory effect of aspirin: a placebo-controlled, ex vivo, serial placebo-controlled serial crossover study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Mar;69(3):365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22890587

[14] PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): McQuaid KR ,Laine L . Systemic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2006;119:624–38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16887404

PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, Blandizzi C; SIF-AIGO- FIMMG Group; Italian Society of Pharmacology, the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists, and the Italian Federation of General Practitioners. Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression. BMC Med. 2016 Nov 9;14(1):179. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27825371

[15] Intra-articular corticosteroids: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[16] Management of gout: Dalbeth N, Reid S, Stamp LK, Arroll B. Making the right thing the easy thing to do: strategies to improve outcomes in gout. Lancet Rheumatology. October 01, 2019. 1:2:PE122-E131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(19)30004-9

[17] NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. NSAIDs – comparative review of efficacy and safety, 15 January2018. http://www.health.gov.za

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Van Walsem A, Pandhi S, Nixon RM, Guyot P, Karabis A, Moore RA. Relative benefit-risk comparing diclofenac to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2015;17:66. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879879

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Nissen SE, Yeomans ND, Solomon DH, Lüscher TF, et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis. N Engl J Med2016;375:2519-29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28379793

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[18] PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): McQuaid KR ,Laine L . Systemic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2006;119:624–38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16887404

PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, Blandizzi C; SIF-AIGO- FIMMG Group; Italian Society of Pharmacology, the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists, and the Italian Federation of General Practitioners. Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression. BMC Med. 2016 Nov 9;14(1):179. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27825371

[19] Allopurinol, oral – maximum dose: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[20] Allopurinol, oral – renal adjusted dosing: Siu YP, Leung KT, Tong MK, Kwan TH. Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(1):51–59. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16377385

Allopurinol, oral – renal adjusted dosing: Goicoechea M, de Vinuesa SG, Verdalles U, Ruiz-Caro C, Ampuero J, Rincón A, Arroyo D, Luño J. Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Aug;5(8):1388-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538833

Allopurinol, oral – renal adjusted dosing: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

Allopurinol, oral – renal adjusted dosing: Bennet et al. Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure. 5th Edition. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. 2007;104.

[21] Allopurinol, oral: hypersensitivity caution: Yang CY, Chen CH, Deng ST, Huang CS, Lin YJ, Chen YJ, Wu CY, Hung SI, Chung WH. Allopurinol Use and Risk of Fatal Hypersensitivity Reactions: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Taiwan. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Sep;175(9):1550-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26193384

[22] NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. NSAIDs – comparative review of efficacy and safety, 15 January2018. http://www.health.gov.za

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Van Walsem A, Pandhi S, Nixon RM, Guyot P, Karabis A, Moore RA. Relative benefit-risk comparing diclofenac to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2015;17:66. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879879

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:c7086. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224324

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[23] Colchicine – prophylaxis for breakthrough gout attacks: Wortmann RL, Macdonald PA, Hunt B, Jackson RL. Effect of prophylaxis on gout flares after the initiation of urate-lowering therapy: analysis of data from three phase III trials. Clin Ther. 2010 Dec;32(14):2386-97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21353107

[24] PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): McQuaid KR ,Laine L . Systemic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2006;119:624–38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16887404

PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, Blandizzi C; SIF-AIGO- FIMMG Group; Italian Society of Pharmacology, the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists, and the Italian Federation of General Practitioners. Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression. BMC Med. 2016 Nov 9;14(1):179. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27825371

[25] NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. NSAIDs – comparative review of efficacy and safety, 15 January2018. http://www.health.gov.za

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:c7086. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224324

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[26] PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): McQuaid KR ,Laine L . Systemic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2006;119:624–38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16887404

PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Serrano P, Lanas A, Arroyo MT, Ferreira IJ. Risk of uppergastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking low-dose aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Aliment PharmacolTher. 2002 Nov;16(11):1945-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12390104

PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, Blandizzi C; SIF-AIGO-FIMMG Group; Italian Society of Pharmacology, the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists, and the Italian Federation of General Practitioners. Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression. BMC Med. 2016 Nov 9;14(1):179. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27825371

[27] NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. NSAIDs – comparative review of efficacy and safety, 15 January2018. http://www.health.gov.za

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Van Walsem A, Pandhi S, Nixon RM, Guyot P, Karabis A, Moore RA. Relative benefit-risk comparing diclofenac to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2015;17:66. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879879

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Nissen SE, Yeomans ND, Solomon DH, Lüscher TF, et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis. N Engl J Med2016;375:2519-29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28379793

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:c7086. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224324

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[28] PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): McQuaid KR ,Laine L . Systemic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2006;119:624–38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16887404

PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, Blandizzi C; SIF-AIGO-FIMMG Group; Italian Society of Pharmacology, the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists, and the Italian Federation of General Practitioners. Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression. BMC Med. 2016 Nov 9;14(1):179. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27825371

[29] Ceftriaxone, IM: National Department of Health STI Guidelines, 2014 and PHC STGs and EML, 2014. http://www.health.gov.za

Lidocaine 1% with epinephrine (adrenaline): National Department of Health STI Guidelines, 2014 and PHC STGs and EML, 2014. http://www.health.gov.za

Azithromycin: National Department of Health STI Guidelines, 2014 and PHC STGs and EML, 2014. http://www.health.gov.za

[30] NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. NSAIDs – comparative review of efficacy and safety, 15 January2018. http://www.health.gov.za

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Van Walsem A, Pandhi S, Nixon RM, Guyot P, Karabis A, Moore RA. Relative benefit-risk comparing diclofenac to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2015;17:66. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879879

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:c7086. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224324

NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[31] PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): McQuaid KR ,Laine L . Systemic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2006;119:624–38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16887404

PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar;104(3):728-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698 PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Narum S, Westergren T, Klemp M. Corticosteroids and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2014 May15;4(5):e004587.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833682

PPI (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, Blandizzi C; SIF-AIGO-FIMMG Group; Italian Society of Pharmacology, the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists, and the Italian Federation of General Practitioners. Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression. BMC Med. 2016 Nov 9;14(1):179. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27825371

[32] Chloroquine: Ruiz-Irastorza G, Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, Khamashta MA. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Jan;69(1):20-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19103632

[33] Amlodipine: Ennis H, Anderson ME, Wilkinson J, Herrick AL. Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud'sphenomenon. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 30;1:CD002069.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482037

Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2024 Edition

References - Musculoskeletal System

Drugs mentioned