References - Obstetrics
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults, Updated for the 2023 Edition
i Department of Health, Republic of South Africa. 2016. Guidelines for Maternity care in South Africa, 4th edition. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/e-library
ii South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
iii Ferrous (Iron) supplements, oral - intermittent dosing: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care level. Medicine Review: Intermittent iron supplementation in pregnancy, 6 November 2017. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Ferrous (Iron) supplements, oral - intermittent dosing: Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Gomez Malave H, Flores-Urrutia MC, Dowswell T. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 19;(10):CD009997. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26482110
iv Iron (treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia): Reveiz L, Gyte GM, Cuervo LG, Casasbuenas A. Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD003094. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975735
v Therapeutic response to iron (Rise in Hb): Pavord S, Daru J, Prasannan N, Robinson S, Stanworth S, Girling J; BSH Committee. UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. Br J Haematol. 2020 Mar;188(6):819-830. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31578718/
Therapeutic response to iron (Rise in Hb): Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. 80. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press; 2020.
vi Diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes: NICE. Guideline: Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period, 16 December 2020. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3
vii Stepwise gestational diabetes approach: NICE. Guideline: Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period, 16 December 2020. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3
viii Thresholds for diagnosing gestational diabetes: Farrar D, Duley L, Dowswell T, Lawlor DA. Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 23;8:CD007122. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28832911
Thresholds for diagnosing gestational diabetes: National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (UK). Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management of Diabetes and Its Complications from Preconception to the Postnatal Period. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK); 2015 Feb. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3/resources/diabetes-in-pregnancy-management-from-preconception-to-the-postnatal-period-51038446021
ix Insulin dosing in pregnancy: NICE. Guideline: Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period, 16 December 2020. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3
x Insulin dosing (pregnancy): Nachum Z, Ben-Shlomo I, Weiner E, Shalev E. Twice daily versus four times daily insulin dose regimens for diabetes in pregnancy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 1999 Nov 6;319(7219):1223-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550081
xi Spironolactone, oral (contra-indicated in pregnancy): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xii Antihypertensive combination therapy: Hypertension guideline working group, Seedat YK, Rayner BL, Veriava Y. South African hypertension practice guideline 2014. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2014 Nov-Dec;25(6):288-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629715
xiii Calcium channel blocker (amlodipine/ nifedipine): Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn DW, Gialdini C. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 1;10(10):CD002252. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30277556/
Calcium channel blocker (amlodipine/ nifedipine): Magee LA, Brown MA, Hall DR, Gupte S, Hennessy A, Ananth Karumanchi S et al. The Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertesion in Pregnancy Classification, Diagnosis & Management Recommendations for International Practice, Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2021.09.008
Calcium channel blocker (amlodipine/ nifedipine): Moodley J, Soma-Pillay P, Buchmann E, Pattinson RC. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: 2019 National guideline. S Afr Med J. 2019 Sep 13;109(9):12723. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31635598/
xiv Nifedipine (dosing interval): Prevost RR, Akl SA, Whybrew WD, Sibai BM. Oral nifedipine pharmacokinetics in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Pharmacotherapy. 1992;12(3):174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1951561
Nifedipine (dosing interval): Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee Opinion No. 623: Emergent therapy for acute-onset, severe hypertension during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Feb;125(2):521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25611642
Nifedipine (dosing interval): Mol BW, Roberts CT, Thangaratinam S, Magee LA, de Groot CJ, Hofmeyr GJ. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2015 Sep 2. pii: S0140-6736(15)00070-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26342729
xv Labetalol, IV infusion: Raheem IA, Saaid R, Omar SZ, Tan PC. Oral nifedipine versus intravenous labetalol for acute blood pressure control in hypertensive emergencies of pregnancy: a randomised trial. BJOG. 2012 Jan;119(1):78-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21985500
xvi Oxytocin, IM: Department of Health, Republic of South Africa. 2016. Guidelines for Maternity care in South Africa, 4th edition. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/e-library
xvii Aspirin, dose - prevention of preeclampsia: Duley L, Meher S, Hunter KE, Seidler AL, Askie LM. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 30;2019(10):CD004659. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31684684/
Aspirin, oral - prevention of preeclampsia (safety from 6 weeks’ gestation): Hoffman MK, Goudar SS, Kodkany BS, Metgud M, Somannavar M, Okitawutshu J et al; ASPIRIN Study Group. Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of preterm delivery in nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy (ASPIRIN): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020 Jan 25;395(10220):285-293. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31982074
Aspirin, oral - prevention of preeclampsia (safety from 6 weeks’ gestation): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Review: Safety of aspirin in pregnancy, February 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
xviii Calcium: Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah ÁN, Torloni MR. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 1;10(10):CD001059. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30277579/
Calcium: WHO. WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, 2011. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/9789241548335/en/
xix Doppler screening: Magee LA, Brown MA, Hall DR, Gupte S, Hennessy A, Ananth Karumanchi S et al. The Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy Classification, Diagnosis & Management Recommendations for International Practice, Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2021.09.008
Doppler screening: Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Dowswell T. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 13;6(6):CD007529. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613398/
Doppler screening: Frusca T, Todros T, Lees C, Bilardo CM; TRUFFLE Investigators. Outcome in early-onset fetal growth restriction is best combining computerized fetal heart rate analysis with ductus venosus Doppler: insights from the Trial of Umbilical and Fetal Flow in Europe. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Feb;218(2S):S783-S789. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29422211/
xx Risk of preterm birth (COVID-19): Chinn J, Sedighim S, Kirby KA, Hohmann S, Hameed AB, Jolley J, Nguyen NT. Characteristics and Outcomes of Women With COVID-19 Giving Birth at US Academic Centers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Aug 2;4(8):e2120456. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34379123/
xxi Risk of hospitalisation (Obese COVID-19 pregnant women): Chinn J, Sedighim S, Kirby KA, Hohmann S, Hameed AB, Jolley J, Nguyen NT. Characteristics and Outcomes of Women With COVID-19 Giving Birth at US Academic Centers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Aug 2;4(8):e2120456. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34379123/
xxii Corticosteroid therapy (pregnancy): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-NEMLC COVID-19. Rapid review: Corticosteroids for COVID‐19: evidence review of the clinical benefit and harm, 24 October 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Corticosteroid therapy (pregnancy): WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID‐19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group, Sterne JAC, Murthy S, Diaz JV et al. Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID‐19: A Meta‐analysis. JAMA. 2020 Sep 2;324(13):1–13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32876694/
xxiii Dolutegravir (WOCP & pregnancy): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC/Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Dolutegravir in pregnancy, June, 2021. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
xxiv ART regimens (pregnancy): WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
ART in pregnancy: National Department of Health: National Consolidated Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Adolescents, Children and Infants and Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission, June 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/national-consolidated-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-adolescents-children-and-infants
xxv Benzathine benzylpenicillin (late latent syphilis/of unknown duration): Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015 [published correction appears in MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Aug 28;64(33):924] MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(RR-03):1‐137. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26042815/
Benzathine benzylpenicillin (late latent syphilis/of unknown duration): World Health Organization: WHO Guidelines for the treatment of Treponema palladum (syphilis), 2016. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/syphilis-treatment-guidelines/en/
xxvi Tenofovir (Pregnant women: HBsAG/ HBeAG positive & HIV negative): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- PHC and Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Use of antivirals in the third trimester of pregnancy, in HIV Negative women with chronic active Hepatitis B infection who are HBeAG positive, to prevent vertical transmission of Hepatitis B, May 2024. http://www.health.gov.za/.
xxvii Promethazine, oral/parenteral (first-line therapy for hyperemesis gravidarum): The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The Management of Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum (Green-top Guideline No. 69), 22 June 2016. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg69/
xxviii Metoclopramide, oral/parenteral (second-line therapy for hyperemesis gravidarum): The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The Management of Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum (Green-top Guideline No. 69), 22 June 2016. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg69/
xxix Ondansetron, parenteral (in pregnancy): Kaplan YC, Richardson JL, Keskin-Arslan E, Erol-Coskun H, Kennedy D. Use of ondansetron during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol. 2019;86:1‐13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30849498/
Ondansetron, parenteral (in pregnancy): Huybrechts KF, Hernández-Díaz S, Straub L, et al. Association of Maternal First-Trimester Ondansetron Use With Cardiac Malformations and Oral Clefts in Offspring. JAMA. 2018;320(23):2429‐2437. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30561479/
Ondansetron, parenteral (in pregnancy): Huybrechts KF, Hernandez-Diaz S, Straub L, et al. Intravenous Ondansetron in Pregnancy and Risk of Congenital Malformations [published online ahead of print, 2019 Nov 15]. JAMA. 2019;323(4):372‐374. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31730152/
xxx Indomethacin: Haas DM, Caldwell DM, Kirkpatrick P, McIntosh JJ, Welton NJ. Tocolytic therapy for preterm delivery: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012 Oct 9;345:e6226. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23048010/
xxxi Betamethasone, IM: McGoldrick E, Stewart F, Parker R, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 25;12(12):CD004454. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33368142/
Betamethasone, IM: FIGO Working Group on Good Clinical Practice in Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Good clinical practice advice: Antenatal corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019 Mar;144(3):352-355. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30710360/
xxxii Dexamethasone, IM: McGoldrick E, Stewart F, Parker R, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 25;12(12):CD004454. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33368142/
Dexamethasone, IM: FIGO Working Group on Good Clinical Practice in Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Good clinical practice advice: Antenatal corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019 Mar;144(3):352-355. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30710360/
xxxiii Antibiotic therapy (PROM): Kenyon S, Boulvain M, Neilson JP. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 2;(12):CD001058. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24297389/
Antibiotic therapy (PROM): Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ; Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease--revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Nov 19;59(RR-10):1-36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21088663/
Antibiotic therapy (PROM): ACOG. Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 217. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Mar;135(3):e80-e97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32080050/
Antibiotic therapy (PROM): Navathe R, Schoen CN, Heidari P, Bachilova S, Ward A, Tepper J et al. Azithromycin vs erythromycin for the management of preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Aug;221(2):144.e1-144.e8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30904320/
xxxiv Penicillin allergic - antibiotic therapy (PROM): Kenyon S, Boulvain M, Neilson JP. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 2;(12):CD001058. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24297389/
Penicillin allergic - antibiotic therapy (PROM): Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ; Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease--revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Nov 19;59(RR-10):1-36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21088663/
Penicillin allergic - antibiotic therapy (PROM): ACOG. Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 217. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Mar;135(3):e80-e97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32080050/
Penicillin allergic - antibiotic therapy (PROM): Navathe R, Schoen CN, Heidari P, Bachilova S, Ward A, Tepper J et al. Azithromycin vs erythromycin for the management of preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Aug;221(2):144.e1-144.e8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30904320/
xxxv Prevention of preterm labour: Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Medley N. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 6;6:CD008991. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28586127
Prevention of preterm labour: Jarde A, Lutsiv O, Beyene J, McDonald SD. Vaginal progesterone, oral progesterone, 17-OHPC, cerclage, and pessary for preventing preterm birth in at-risk singleton pregnancies: an updated systematic review and network meta-analysis. BJOG 2019; 126: 556–567. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30480871
Prevention of preterm labour: NICE Guidelines: Preterm Labour and Birth, August 2019 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng25
xxxvi Progesterone, PV: Jarde A, Lutsiv O, Beyene J, McDonald SD. Vaginal progesterone, oral progesterone, 17OHPC, cerclage, and pessary for preventing preterm birth in at-risk singleton pregnancies: an updated systematic review and network meta-analysis. BJOG 2019; 126: 556–567. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30480871
Progesterone, PV: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Progesterone, vaginal for prevention of preterm labour, October 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Progesterone, PV: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Progesterone, vaginal for prevention of preterm labour In Twin Pregnancies, February 2026. https://www.health.gov.za/nhi-edp-stgs-eml/
xxxvii Cerclage: Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Medley N. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 6;6:CD008991. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28586127
Cerclage: NICE Guidelines: Preterm Labour and Birth, August 2019 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng25
xxxviii Salbutamol, IV: Neilson JP, West HM, Dodd TM. Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 5;2:CD004352. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24500892
Salbutamol, IV: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xxxix Extra-amniotic Foley catheter: PLUS prostaglandin protocol: Al-Ibraheemi Z, Brustman L, Bimson BE, Porat N, Rosenn B. Misoprostol With Foley Bulb Compared With Misoprostol Alone for Cervical Ripening: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jan;131(1):23-29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29215514
Extra-amniotic Foley catheter: PLUS prostaglandin protocol: Osoti A, Kibii DK, Tong TMK, Maranga I. Effect of extra-amniotic Foley's catheter and vaginal misoprostol versus vaginal misoprostol alone on cervical ripening and induction of labor in Kenya, a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018 Jul 12;18(1):300. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30001195
Extra-amniotic Foley catheter: PLUS prostaglandin protocol: World Health Organisation. WHO recommendations for induction of labour, Clinical Practice Guideline, 2011. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23586118/
xl Dinoprostone: West HM, Jozwiak M, Dodd JM. Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 9;6(6):CD009792. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28599068/
Dinoprostone: Andrikopoulou M, Lavery JA, Ananth CV, Vintzileos AM. Cervical ripening agents in the second trimester of pregnancy in women with a scarred uterus: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Aug;215(2):177-94. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27018469/
Dinoprostone: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xli Dinoprostone (contraindication): NICE. Guideline: Inducing labour, 4 November 2021. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG207
Dinoprostone (contraindication): Pfizer: Prandin E2 vaginal gel package insert.
xlii Oxytocin, IV (Cervix favourable (Bishop score ≥7): NICE Clinical Guideline: 70 - Induction of labour, 2008. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg70/evidence/cg70-induction-of-labour-full-guideline2
xliii Amniotomy in HIV-infected pregnant women: Peters H, Byrne L, De Ruiter A, Francis K, Harding K, Taylor GP, Tookey PA, Townsend CL. Duration of ruptured membranes and mother-to-child HIV transmission: a prospective population-based surveillance study. BJOG. 2016 May;123(6):975-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26011825
xliv Morphine, IM: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xlv Morphine, IM: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xlvi Tranexamic acid, IV: WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2017; 6736(17)30638-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28456509
Tranexamic acid, IV: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Tranexamic acid, IV, for management of post partum haemmhorhage in pregnant women, 11 October 2017. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
xlvii Misoprostol: Essential Steps in Managing Obstetric Emergencies (ESMOE), facilitator’s guide.
Misoprostol: Hofmeyr GJ, Gülmezoglu AM, Novikova N, Linder V, Ferreira S, Piaggio G. Misoprostol to prevent and treat postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal deaths and dose-related effects. Bull World Health Organ. 2009 Sep;87(9):666-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19784446
Misoprostol: Department of Health, Republic of South Africa. 2016. Guidelines for Maternity care in South Africa, 4th edition. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/e-library
Misoprostol: International Federation Of Gynecology And Obstetrics. Treatment of postpartum hemorrhage with misoprostol. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 Dec;119(3):215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036964
xlviii Anti-D Immunoglobulin, iM ( 20 weeks): NICE Clinical Guideline: 156 - Routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis for women who are rhesus D negative, 2008. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta156/resources/routine-antenatal-antid-prophylaxis-for-women-who-are-rhesus-d-negative-pdf-82598318102725
xlix Dipsticks (positive nitrites or leukocytes): Mambatta AK, Jayarajan J, Rashme VL, Harini S, Menon S, Kuppusamy J. Reliability of dipstick assay in predicting urinary tract infection. J Family Med Prim Care. 2015 Apr-Jun;4(2):265-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25949979
Dipsticks (positive nitrites or leukocytes): Demilie T, Beyene G, Melaku S, Tsegaye W. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid urine dipstick test to predict urinary tract infection among pregnant women in Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2014 Jul 29;7:481. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25073620
l Fosfomycin, oral: Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Togias AG, Karadima M, Kapaskelis AM, Rafailidis PI, Athanasiou S. Fosfomycin versus other antibiotics for the treatment of cystitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010 Sep;65(9):1862-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587612
Fosfomycin, oral: Lewis DA, Gumede LY, van der Hoven LA, de Gita GN, de Kock EJ, de Lange T, Maseko V, Kekana V, Smuts FP, Perovic O. Antimicrobial susceptibility of organisms causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in Gauteng Province, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2013 Mar 15;103(6):377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23725955
li Nitrofurantoin: Zalmanovici Trestioreanu A, Green H, Paul M, Yaphe J, Leibovici L. Antimicrobial agents for treating uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Oct 6;(10):CD007182. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20927755
Nitrofurantoin: Lewis DA, Gumede LY, van der Hoven LA, de Gita GN, de Kock EJ, de Lange T, Maseko V, Kekana V, Smuts FP, Perovic O. Antimicrobial susceptibility of organisms causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in Gauteng Province, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2013 Mar 15;103(6):377-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23725955
Nitrofurantoin: Nordeng H, Lupattelli A, Romøren M, Koren G. Neonatal outcomes after gestational exposure to nitrofurantoin. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Feb;121(2 Pt 1):306-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23344280
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Adult Hospital Level, 2025-9 Review_Version 2.0_26 March 2026
Chapter 6 Obstetrics_References