References - Pain
Pain
1 Definitions: International Association for the Study of Pain. IASP Announces Revised Definition of Pain. 2020. https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology/
2 General Principles (Pain): Mash B, Brits H, Naidoo M. (2023). South African Family Practice Manual. (4th ed). Van Schaik Publishers.
3 R-FLACC: Merkel, S. et al. The FLACC: A Behavioural Scale for Scoring Postoperative Pain in Young Children, Pediatric Nurse 23(3): 293-297, 1997. Copyright: Jannetti Co. University of Michigan Medical Centre.
Malviya, S., Vopel-Lewis, T. Burke, Merkel, S., Tait, A.R. (2006). The revised FLACC Observational Pain Tool: Improved Reliability and Validity for Pain Assessment in Children with Cognitive Impairment. (Pediatric Anesthesia 16: 258-265).
4 Abbey Pain Scale: Abbey Pain Scale for Dementia Patients. https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/3627/abbey-pain-scaledementia-patients
5 R-FLACC: Merkel, S. I., Voepel-Lewis, T., Shayevitz, J. R., & Malviya, S. (1997). The FLACC: A behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatric Nursing, 23(3), 293–297. The FLACC scale was developed by Sandra Merkel, MS, RN, Terri Voepel-Lewis, MS, RN, and Shobha Malviya, MD, at C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI.
Merkel, S. et al. The FLACC: A Behavioural Scale for Scoring Postoperative Pain in Young Children, Pediatric Nurse 23(3): 293-297, 1997. Copyright: Jannetti Co. University of Michigan Medical Centre.
Malviya, S., Vopel-Lewis, T. Burke, Merkel, S., Tait, A.R. (2006). The revised FLACC Observational Pain Tool: Improved Reliability and Validity for Pain Assessment in Children with Cognitive Impairment. (Pediatric Anesthesia 16: 258-265).
6 Fcaes Pain Scale Revised: International Assicuatioin for the Study of Pain. https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/facespain-scale-revised/
7 Definitions: International Association for the Study of Pain. IASP Announces Revised Definition of Pain. 2020. https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology/
8 Paracetamol, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
9 Ibuprofen, oral (ceiling effect): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/ Ibuprofen, oral (ceiling effect): Laska EM, Sunshine A, Marrero I, Olson N, Siegel C, McCormick N. The correlation between blood levels of ibuprofen and clinical analgesic response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Jul;40(1):1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522030
10 Ibuprofen, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
11 Ibuprofen (ceiling effect): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/
Ibuprofen, oral (ceiling effect): Laska EM, Sunshine A, Marrero I, Olson N, Siegel C, McCormick N. The correlation between blood levels of ibuprofen and clinical analgesic response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Jul;40(1):1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522030.
12 Tramadol (dose): Charlesworth, S. (Ed.). (2020). Palliative Care Formulary (7th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press.
13 Paracetamol, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
14 Morphine, Dose Adjustment in renal impairment: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
15 Morphine, IM (adults): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
16 Morphine, IV (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/
17 Definition (Chronic Non-Cancer Pain): Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI, Benoliel R, et al.. Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Pain. 2019 Jan;160(1):19-27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30586067/
18 Paracetamol, oral (Mild chronic non-cancer pain: children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Paracetamol, oral (Mild chronic non-cancer pain: children): Cooper TE, Fisher E, Anderson B, Wilkinson NM, Williams DG, Eccleston C. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 2;8:CD012539. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28770975
19 Paracetamol, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
Ibuprofen, oral (ceiling effect): Laska EM, Sunshine A, Marrero I, Olson N, Siegel C, McCormick N. The correlation between blood levels of ibuprofen and clinical analgesic response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Jul;40(1):1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522030
NSAIDS: da Costa BR, Pereira TV, Saadat P, Rudnicki M, Iskander SM, Bodmer NS, Bobos P, Gao L, Kiyomoto HD, Montezuma T, Almeida MO, Cheng PS, Hincapié CA, Hari R, Sutton AJ, Tugwell P, Hawker GA, Jüni P. Effectiveness and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid treatment for knee and hip osteoarthritis: network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2021 Oct 12;375:n2321. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.n2321. PMID: 34642179; PMCID: PMC8506236.
NSAIDS: Musculoskeletal System (Therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: NSAIDs, oral: Diclofenac, naproxen, meloxicam, piroxicam, January 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
20 Ibuprofen (ceiling effect): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/
Ibuprofen, oral (ceiling effect): Laska EM, Sunshine A, Marrero I, Olson N, Siegel C, McCormick N. The correlation between blood levels of ibuprofen and clinical analgesic response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Jul;40(1):1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522030
NSAIDS: da Costa BR, Pereira TV, Saadat P, Rudnicki M, Iskander SM, Bodmer NS, Bobos P, Gao L, Kiyomoto HD, Montezuma T, Almeida MO, Cheng PS, Hincapié CA, Hari R, Sutton AJ, Tugwell P, Hawker GA, Jüni P. Effectiveness and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid treatment for knee and hip osteoarthritis: network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2021 Oct 12;375:n2321. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.n2321. PMID: 34642179; PMCID: PMC8506236.
NSAIDS: Musculoskeletal System (Therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: NSAIDs, oral: Diclofenac, naproxen, meloxicam, piroxicam, January 2018. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
21 Amitryptyline, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
22 Paracetamol, oral (adults - chronic cancer pain): Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, McNicol ED, Bell RF, Carr DB, McIntyre M, Wee B. Oral paracetamol (acetaminophen) for cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2017 Jul 12;7:CD012637. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28700092
Paracetamol, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
23 NSAIDs, oral (adults - chronic cancer pain): Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA, McNicol ED, Bell RF, Carr DB, McIntyre M, Wee B. Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 12;7:CD012638. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28700091
Ibuprofen, oral (ceiling effect): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STG, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/
Ibuprofen (ceiling effect): Laska EM, Sunshine A, Marrero I, Olson N, Siegel C, McCormick N. The correlation between blood levels of ibuprofen and clinical analgesic response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Jul;40(1):1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522030
24 Tramadol, oral (adults - chronic cancer pain): Wiffen PJ, Wee B, Derry S, Bell RF, Moore RA. Opioids for cancer pain – an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 6;7:CD012592. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28683172
Tramadol, oral (adults - chronic cancer pain: caution South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
25 Morphine, long-acting: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STG, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/ Morphine, long-acting, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022. Morphine, long-acting, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC. Medicine Review. Oxycodone for chronic cancer pain in adults, June 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/
Morphine, long-acting, oral: Schmidt-Hansen M, Bennett MI, Arnold S, Bromham N, Hilgart JS. Oxycodone for cancerrelated pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 22;8:CD003870. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28829910
26 Pain ladder (children): World Health Organisation. WHO Guidelines on the Pharmacological Treatment of Persisting Pain in Children with Medical Illnesses. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23720867/
27 NSAIDs, oral (children – chronic cancer pain): Cooper TE, Heathcote LC, Anderson B, Grégoire MC, Ljungman G, Eccleston C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer-related pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 24;7:CD012563. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737843
28 Opioids, oral (children – chronic cancer pain): Wiffen PJ, Cooper TE, Anderson AK, Gray AL, Grégoire MC, Ljungman G, Zernikow B. Opioids for cancer-related pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 19;7:CD012564. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28722116
29 Amitryptyline, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
30 Breakthrough Pain: Charlesworth, S. (Ed.). (2020). Palliative Care Formulary (7th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2020-2024_Version 1.0_07 November 2024
Chapter 20: Pain_References