References - Pain
i Definitions: International Association for the Study of Pain. IASP Announces Revised Definition of Pain. 2020. https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology// ii Management of chronic pain: Scascighini L, Toma V, Dober-Spielmann S, Sprott H. Multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain: a systematic review of interventions and outcomes. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 May;47(5):670-8. doi: 10.109
i Definitions: International Association for the Study of Pain. IASP Announces Revised Definition of Pain. 2020. https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology//
ii Management of chronic pain: Scascighini L, Toma V, Dober-Spielmann S, Sprott H. Multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain: a systematic review of interventions and outcomes. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 May;47(5):670-8. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken021. Epub 2008 Mar 27. PMID: 18375406
iii Management of chronic non-cancer pain: Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain--United States, 2016. JAMA. 2016 Apr 19;315(15):1624-45. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26977696
Management of chronic non-cancer pain: Ballantyne JC, Kalso E, Stannard C. WHO analgesic ladder: a good concept gone astray. BMJ. 2016 Jan 6;352:i20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26739664
Management of chronic non-cancer pain: The Royal College of Anaesthetists. Opioid Aware Resource, 2019. [Accessed August 2019]. https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/faculty-of-pain-medicine/opioids-aware
Management of chronic non-cancer pain: Ortho-Mcneil Pharmaceutical, Inc. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved drug label for tramadol tablets, 2008. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/020281s032s033lbl.pdf
iv NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. NSAIDs – comparative review of efficacy and safety, 15 January 2018. http://www.health.gov.za
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Van Walsem A, Pandhi S, Nixon RM, Guyot P, Karabis A, Moore RA. Relative benefit-risk comparing diclofenac to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2015;17:66. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879879
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Nissen SE, Yeomans ND, Solomon DH, Lüscher TF, et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis. N Engl J Med 2016;375:2519-29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28379793
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Coxib and traditional NSAID Trialists’ (CNT) Collaboration. Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2013; 382: 769–79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23726390
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:c7086. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224324
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Ong CKS, Lirk P, Tan Ch, Seymour RA. An evidence-based update on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clinical Medicine and Research 2007; 5(1):19-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17456832
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Stam WB, Jansen JP, Taylor SD. Efficacy of etoricoxib, lumiracoxib, non-selective NSAIDs, and acetaminophen in osteoarthritis: a mixed treatment comparison. The Open Rheumatology Journal 2012; 6:6-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582102
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Bello AE, Holt RJ. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: clinical implications. Drug Saf. 2014 Nov;37(11):897-902. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25079141
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
v Lansoprazole, oral (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): McQuaidKR ,Laine L. Systemic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2006;119:624–38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16887404
Lansoprazole, oral (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Serrano P, Lanas A, Arroyo MT, Ferreira IJ. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking low-dose aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Aliment PharmacolTher. 2002 Nov;16(11):1945-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12390104
Lansoprazole, oral (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar;104(3):728-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698
vi Tramadol, oral: Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain United States, 2016. JAMA. 2016 Apr 19;315(15):1624-45. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26977696 Tramadol, oral: Ortho-Mcneil Pharmaceutical, Inc. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved drug label for tramadol tablets, 2008. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/020281s032s033lbl.pdf Tramadol, oral: The Royal College of Anaesthetists. Opioid Aware Resource, 2019. [Accessed August 2019]. https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/faculty-of-pain-medicine/opioids-aware
vii Opioid Risk Tool: Questionnaire developed by Lynn R. Webster, MD to assess risk of opioid addiction. Webster LR, Webster R. Predicting aberrant behaviors in Opioid‐treated patients: preliminary validation of the Opioid risk too. Pain Med. 2005; 6 (6) : 432 https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/opioidrisktool.pdf
viii Tramadol – caution: Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain United States, 2016. JAMA. 2016 Apr 19;315(15):1624-45. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26977696
Tramadol – caution: The Royal College of Anaesthetists. Opioid Aware Resource, 2019. [Accessed August 2019]. https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/faculty-of-pain-medicine/opioids-aware
Tramadol – caution: Kaye AD, Jones MR, Kaye AM, Ripoll JG, Galan V, Beakley BD, Calixto F, Bolden JL, Urman RD, Manchikanti L. Prescription Opioid Abuse in Chronic Pain: An Updated Review of Opioid Abuse Predictors and Strategies to Curb Opioid Abuse: Part 1. Pain Physician. 2017 Feb;20(2S):S93-S109. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28226333
Tramadol– caution: Beakley BD, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Tramadol, Pharmacology, Side Effects, and Serotonin Syndrome: A Review. Pain Physician. 2015 Jul-Aug;18(4):395-400. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26218943
Tramadol – caution: Sharma V. Tramadol-Induced Hypomania and Serotonin Syndrome. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2016 Dec 15;18(6). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28002658
Tramadol – caution: Hassamal S, Miotto K, Dale W, Danovitch I. Tramadol: Understanding the Risk of Serotonin Syndrome and Seizures. Am J Med. 2018 Nov;131(11):1382.e1-1382.e6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29752906
ix Morphine syrup (Dosage Increase): Charlesworth, S. (Ed.). (2020). Palliative Care Formulary (7th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press Morphine syrup (Dosage Increase): Carver AC and Foley KM (2001) Symptom assessment and management. Neurologic Clinics. 19: 921–947
x Breakthrough Pain: Charlesworth, S. (Ed.). (2020). Palliative Care Formulary (7th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press
xi Sennosides A and B, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xii Lactulose, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xiii Definition (Neuropathic Pain): International Association for the Study of Pain. 2020. https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology/
xiv Amitriptyline, oral: Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 6;7:CD008242. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26146793
Amitriptyline, oral: Chetty S, Baalbergen E, Bhigjee AI, Kamerman P, Ouma J, Raath R, Raff M, Salduker S; South African Expert Panel. Clinical practice guidelines for management of neuropathic pain: expert panel recommendations for South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2012 Mar 8;102(5):312-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22554341
Amitriptyline: Charlesworth, S. (Ed.). (2020). Palliative Care Formulary (7th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. Amitriptyline: Mahmoud AMS, Ragab SG, Boules ML, Botros JM. Comparison between Two Low Doses of Amitriptyline in the Management of Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparative Study. Pain Res Manag. 2021 Jan 19;2021:8810178. doi: 10.1155/2021/8810178. PMID: 33532013; PMCID: PMC7837778.
xv Amitriptyline, oral (dosing in the elderly): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xvi Amitriptyline, oral (time to maximal effect): Onghena P, Van Houdenhove B. Antidepressant-induced analgesia in chronic non-malignant pain: a meta-analysis of 39 placebo-controlled studies. Pain. 1992 May;49(2):205-19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1535121
xvii Amitriptyline, oral: Bowsher D. The effects of pre-emptive treatment of postherpetic neuralgia with amitriptyline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997 Jun;13(6):327-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204652
xviii Carbamazepine, oral (neuropathy): Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, Kalso EA. Carbamazepine for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 10;(4):CD005451. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24719027
Carbamazepine, oral (neuropathy): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xix Carbamazepine, oral (neuropathy): Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, Kalso EA. Carbamazepine for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 10;(4):CD005451. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24719027
Carbamazepine, oral (neuropathy): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
xx Carbamazepine, oral (trigeminal neuralgia): The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Neuropathic pain – pharmacological management, February 2017. NICE clinical guideline 173. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG173
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Adult Hospital Level, 2020-2024_Version 1.0_07 November 2024
Chapter 25: Pain_References - Pain