References - Sedation

[1] Medication used for sedation: American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):1004-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964611

Medication used for sedation: The South African Society of Anaesthesiologists. South African Society of Anaesthesiologists Sedation Guidelines, 2015. South Afr J AnaesthAnalg 2015;21(2)S1-S36. http://www.sasaweb.com/content/images/SAJAA_V21N2_1665_Sedation_Guideline.pdf

[2] Ketamine: American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):1004-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964611

[3] Diazepam: Mitchell AR, Chalil S, Boodhoo L, Bordoli G, Patel N, Sulke N. Diazepam or midazolam for external DC cardioversion (the DORM Study). Europace. 2003 Oct;5(4):391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14753637

Midazolam: Mitchell AR, Chalil S, Boodhoo L, Bordoli G, Patel N, Sulke N. Diazepam or midazolam for external DC cardioversion (the DORM Study). Europace. 2003 Oct;5(4):391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14753637

[4] Fentanyl IV: The South African Society of Anaesthesiologists. South African Society of Anaesthesiologists Sedation Guidelines, 2015. South Afr J AnaesthAnalg 2015;21(2)S1-S36. http://www.sasaweb.com/content/images/SAJAA_V21N2_1665_Sedation_Guideline.pdf

Fentanyl IV: Poulos JE, Kalogerinis PT, Caudle JN. Propofol compared with combination propofol or midazolam/fentanyl for endoscopy in a community setting. AANA J. 2013 Feb;81(1):31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23513321

[5] Benzodiazepines (ketamine-induced agitation): Strayer RJ, Nelson LS. Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults. Am J Emerg Med. 2008 Nov;26(9):985-1028. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19091264

Benzodiazepines (ketamine-induced agitation): Akhlaghi N, Payandemehr P, Yaseri M, Akhlaghi AA, Abdolrazaghnejad A. Premedication With Midazolam or Haloperidol to Prevent Recovery Agitation in Adults Undergoing Procedural Sedation With Ketamine: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 May;73(5):462-469. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30611640

[6] Morphine, IV: American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):1004-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964611

Morphine, IV: The South African Society of Anaesthesiologists. South African Society of Anaesthesiologists Sedation Guidelines, 2015. South Afr J AnaesthAnalg 2015;21(2)S1-S36. http://www.sasaweb.com/content/images/SAJAA_V21N2_1665_Sedation_Guideline.pdf

Ketamine, IV: American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):1004-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964611

Ketamine, IV: The South African Society of Anaesthesiologists. South African Society of Anaesthesiologists Sedation Guidelines, 2015. South Afr J AnaesthAnalg 2015;21(2)S1-S36. http://www.sasaweb.com/content/images/SAJAA_V21N2_1665_Sedation_Guideline.pdf

Nitrous oxide, inhaled, in 20-30% oxygen: American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):1004-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964611

[7] Propofol, IV: Poulos JE, Kalogerinis PT, Caudle JN. Propofol compared with combination propofol or midazolam/fentanyl for endoscopy in a community setting. AANA J. 2013 Feb;81(1):31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23513321

[8] Etomidate, IV: American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):1004-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964611

[9] Naloxone, IV (reversal agent for opioid toxicity): The South African Society of Anaesthesiologists. South African Society of Anaesthesiologists Sedation Guidelines, 2015. South Afr J AnaesthAnalg 2015;21(2)S1-S36. http://www.sasaweb.com/content/images/SAJAA_V21N2_1665_Sedation_Guideline.pdf

[10] Sedation protocols in intensive care: Jackson DL, Proudfoot CW, Cann KF, Walsh T. A systematic review of the impact of sedation practice in the ICU on resource use, costs and patient safety. Crit Care. 2010;14(2):R59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20380720

[11] Propofol, IV (short-term sedation: second line option): The South African Society of Anaesthesiologists. South African Society of Anaesthesiologists Sedation Guidelines, 2015. South Afr J AnaesthAnalg 2015;21(2)S1-S36. http://www.sasaweb.com/content/images/SAJAA_V21N2_1665_Sedation_Guideline.pdf

Propofol, IV (short-term sedation: second line option): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[12] Propofol, IV: Ostermann ME, Keenan SP, Seiferling RA, Sibbald WJ. Sedation in the intensive care unit: a systematic review. JAMA. 2000 Mar 15;283(11):1451-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10732935

Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition