References - Skin Conditions
References
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1 Chlorphenamine, oral (dosing in children): British National Formulary for children 2022-2023. (2022). 84th ed. BMJ Publishing and Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
2 Benzoyl peroxide 5% gel, topical: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
3 Benzoyl peroxide 5% gel, topical: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
4 Doxycycline, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
5 Topical retinoids (caution in pregnancy): Kaplan YC, Ozsarfati J, Etwel F, Nickel C, Nulman I, Koren G. Pregnancy outcomes following first-trimester exposure to topical retinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2015 Nov;173(5):1132-41.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26215715
Topical retinoids (caution in pregnancy): Panchaud A, Csajka C, Merlob P, Schaefer C, Berlin M, De Santis M, Vial T, Ieri A, Malm H, Eleftheriou G, Stahl B, Rousso P, Winterfeld U, Rothuizen LE, Buclin T. Pregnancy outcome following exposure to topical retinoids: a multicenter prospective study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Dec;52(12):1844-51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22174426
Topical retinoids (caution in pregnancy): Browne H, Mason G, Tang T. Retinoids and pregnancy: an update. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2014;16:7–11. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tog.12075/pdf
6 Cephalexin: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Healthcare and Adult Hospital Level. Medicine Review: Evidence summary of the use of cephalexin for S Aureus skin infections, September 2022.
7 Cephalexin: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Healthcare and Adult Hospital Level. Medicine Review: Evidence summary of the use of cephalexin for S Aureus skin infections, September 2022.
8 Dressing: Palfreyman SJ, Nelson EA, Lochiel R, Michaels JA. Dressings for healing venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19 (3):CD001103. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;5:CD001103.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16855958
9 Povidone-iodine 5% cream (exudative, infected wounds): Adults: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential medicines-list
10 Fluconazole, oral (children): Chen X, Jiang X, Yang M, González U, Lin X, Hua X, Xue S, Zhang M, Bennett C. Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 12;(5):CD004685. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27169520
11 Fluconazole, oral Adults: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, draft. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list Fluconazole, oral (adults): Nozickova M, Koudelkova V, Kulikova Z, Malina L, Urbanowski S, Silny W. A comparison of the efficacy of oral fluconazole, 150 mg/week versus 50 mg/day, in the treatment of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and cutaneous candidosis. Int J Dermatol. 1998 Sep;37(9):703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9762826
Fluconazole, oral (adults): Faergemann J, Mörk NJ, Haglund A, Odegård T. A multicentre (double-blind) comparative study to assess the safety and efficacy of fluconazole and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Br J Dermatol. 1997 Apr;136(4):575-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9155961/
12 Selenium sulfide, 2.5% suspension: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
13 Hydrocortisone 0.1%, topical (chronic paronychia): Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Ghetti E, Colombo MD. Topical steroids versus systemic antifungals in the treatment of chronic paronychia: an open, randomized double-blind and double dummy study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002 Jul;47(1):73-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077585
14 Permethrin 5% lotion:Meinking TL, Vicaria M, Eyerdam DH, Villar ME, Reyna S, Suarez G. Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5% malathion) compared to Nix crème rinse (1% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice. PediatrDermatol. 2004 Nov-Dec;21(6):670-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15575855
Permethrin 5% lotion:Frankowski BL, Bocchini Jr. JA and Council on School Health and Committee on Infectious Diseases. Head lice. Pediatrics2010;126:392-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20660553
Permethrin 5% lotion:Mark Lebwohl, Lily Clark and Jacob Levitt. Therapy for Head Lice Based on Life Cycle, Resistance, and Safety Considerations. Pediatrics2007;119(5):965-974. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17473098
Permethrin 5% lotion:Nova Scotia District health authority public health services and the department of health promotion and protection. Guidelines for treatment of pediculosiscapitis (head lice). August 2008. [Online 2008][Cited 2013] Available at: https://novascotia.ca/dhw/publications/Public-Health-Education/Head_Lice_Guidelines_for_Treatment.pdf
Permethrin 5% lotion: Roberts RJ. Head lice. N Engl J Med 2002;346(21):1645-1650. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12023998
Permethrin 5% lotion: MCC registered package insert for Skabi-rid®.
Permethrin 5% lotion: Diamantis SA, Morrell DS, Burkhart CN.Treatment of head lice. Dermatologic Therapy 2009;22:273–278.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19580574
Permethrin 5% lotion: Jones KN, English III JC. Review of Common Therapeutic Options in the United States for the Treatment of Pediculosis Capitis.Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003; 36:1355–61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12766828
Permethrin 5% lotion: Madke B, Khopkar U. Pediculosis capitis: An update. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2012;78:429-38.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22772612
Permethrin 5% lotion: British National Formulary for children 2016-2017. (2016). 1st ed. London: BMJ Group, Pharmaceutical Press and RCPCH Publications Ltd.
15 Benzoyl benzoate lotion: Bachewar NP, Thawani VR, Mali SN, Gharpure KJ, Shingade VP, Dakhale GN. Comparison of safety, efficacy, and cost effectiveness of benzoyl benzoate, permethrin, and ivermectin in patients of scabies.Indian J Pharmacol. 2009 Feb;41(1):9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20177574
Benzoyl benzoate lotion: Strong M, Johnstone P. Interventions for treating scabies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD000320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636630
Benzoyl benzoate lotion: Pharmachem. Package insert: Benzyl Benzoate BP emulsion.
16 Permethrin 5% lotion: British National Formulary for children 2016-2017. (2016). 1st ed. London: BMJ Group, Pharmaceutical Press and RCPCH Publications Ltd.
17 Benzoyl benzoate (Directions for < 6 years of age): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
18 Permethrin 5% lotion: Strong M, Johnstone P. Interventions for treating scabies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD000320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636630
19 Chlorphenamine, oral (dosing in children): British National Formulary for children 2022-2023. (2022). 84th ed. BMJ Publishing and Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
20 Potent and very potent corticosteroids, topical: Green C, Colquitt JL, Kirby J, Davidson P, Payne E. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of once-daily versus more frequent use of same potency topical corticosteroids for atopic eczema: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2004 Nov;8(47):iii,iv, 1-120. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15527669
21 Chlorphenamine, oral (dosing in children): British National Formulary for children 2022-2023. (2022). 84th ed. BMJ Publishing and Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
22 Chlorphenamine, oral (dosing in children): British National Formulary for children 2022-2023. (2022). 84th ed. BMJ Publishing and Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
23 Potent and very potent corticosteroids, topical: Green C, Colquitt JL, Kirby J, Davidson P, Payne E. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of once-daily versus more frequent use of same potency topical corticosteroids for atopic eczema: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2004 Nov;8(47):iii,iv, 1-120. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15527669
24 Chlorphenamine, oral (dosing in children): British National Formulary for children 2022-2023. (2022). 84th ed. BMJ Publishing and Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
25 Chlorphenamine, oral (dosing in children): British National Formulary for children 2022-2023. (2022). 84th ed. BMJ Publishing and Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
26 Chlorphenamine, oral (dosing in children): British National Formulary for children 2022-2023. (2022). 84th ed. BMJ Publishing and Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
27 Molluscum contagiosum: Centers for Disease Control. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/treatment.html
28 Iodine: van der Wouden JC, van der Sande R, Kruithof EJ, Sollie A, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Koning S. Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 17;5(5):CD004767. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004767.pub4. PMID: 28513067; PMCID: PMC6481355.
29 Antiviral therapy, oral (herpes simplex): Le Cleach L, Trinquart L, Do G, Maruani A, Lebrun-Vignes B, Ravaud P, Chosidow O.
Oral antiviral therapy for prevention of genital herpes outbreaks in immunocompetent and nonpregnant patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 3;(8):CD009036. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086573
Antiviral therapy, oral (herpes simplex): Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Jun 5;64(RR-03):1-137. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Aug 28;64(33):924. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26042815/
30 Salicylic acid, 15 to 30% topical liquid application: Kwok CS, Gibbs S, Bennett C, Holland R, Abbott R. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;9:CD001781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972052
31 Salicylic acid, 2%, topical: Kwok CS, Gibbs S, Bennett C, Holland R, Abbott R. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;9:CD001781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972052
Salicylic acid, 2%, topical: Dall'oglio F, D'Amico V, Nasca MR, Micali G. Treatment of cutaneous warts: an evidence-based review. Am J ClinDermatol. 2012 Apr 1;13(2):73-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292461
Salicylic acid, 2%, topical: Sterling JC, Handfield-Jones S, Hudson PM; British Association of Dermatologists. Guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts.Br J Dermatol. 2001 Jan;144(1):4-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11167676
32 Salicylic acid, 15 to 30% topical liquid application: Kwok CS, Gibbs S, Bennett C, Holland R, Abbott R. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;9:CD001781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972052
33 Coal tar: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
34 Zinc oxide ointment (albinism): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
35 Titanium dioxide ointment/cream (albinism): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.
36 High Potency Sunblock (SPF)/ (UV block) (vitiligo): Eleftheriadou V, Atkar R, Batchelor J, McDonald B, Novakovic L, Patel JV, Ravenscroft J, Rush E, Shah D, Shah R, Shaw L, Thompson AR, Hashme M, Exton LS, Mohd Mustapa MF, Manounah L; British Association of Dermatologists’ Clinical Standards Unit. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of people with vitiligo 2021. Br J Dermatol. 2022 Jan;186(1):18-29. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34160061/
Whitton ME, Pinart M, Batchelor J, Leonardi-Bee J, González U, Jiyad Z, Eleftheriadou V, Ezzedine K. Interventions for vitiligo.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 24;(2):CD003263. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25710794
37 Zinc and castor oil ointment: Health Quality Ontario. Pressure ulcer prevention: an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2009;9(2):1-104. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074524
Zinc and castor oil ointment: Langemo D, Haesler E, Naylor W, Tippett A, Young T. Evidence-based guidelines for pressure ulcer management at the end of life. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2015 May;21(5):225-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26107544
38 Referral for rehabilitation (pressure ulcers): Arora M, Harvey LA, Glinsky JV, Nier L, Lavrencic L, Kifley A, Cameron ID. Electrical stimulation for treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 22;1(1):CD012196. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35244315/
Referral for rehabilitation (if at high risk of pressure ulcers): Harvey LA, Glinsky JV, Bowden JL. The effectiveness of 22 commonly administered physiotherapy interventions for people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2016 Nov;54(11):914-923.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27349607/
Referral for rehabilitation (if at high risk of pressure ulcers): Wang J, Ren D, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang B, Xiao Q. Effects of early mobilization on the prognosis of critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Oct;110:103708.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32736250/
Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2020-2024_Version 1.0_07 November 2024
Chapter 5: Skin Conditions_References