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References: South African Society of Anaesthesiologists (SASA) - Practice Guidelines

Organisation of anaeasthesia services Anaesthesia equipment and anaesthetising facilities The preanaesthesia period The anaesthetic period: Records The postanaesthesia period Anaesthesia outside a hospital setting Appendix A: Governance Appendix F: Position statements Organisation of anaeasthesia services Afonso MA, Cadwell JB, Staffa SJ, Zurakowksi D, Vinson AE. Burnout rate and risk factors amo

Organisation of anaeasthesia services

Anaesthesia equipment and anaesthetising facilities

The preanaesthesia period

The anaesthetic period: Records

The postanaesthesia period

Anaesthesia outside a hospital setting

Appendix A: Governance

Appendix F: Position statements

Organisation of anaeasthesia services

  • Afonso MA, Cadwell JB, Staffa SJ, Zurakowksi D, Vinson AE. Burnout rate and risk factors among anesthesiologists in the United States. Anesthesiology 2021;134(5):683-96. https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003722.
  • Association for Peri-operative Practitioners in South Africa (APPSA). 2013; Reprinted 2016. Anaesthetics & Recovery Room Nursing Procedures Guideline. 2nd ed.
  • Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. 2016. Position statement on the assistant for the anaesthetist PSO8 [Internet]. Available from: https:// www.anzca.edu.au/getattachment/473f7e0d-b14a-4939-aad1-034c0474c603/ PS08(A)-Position-statement-on-the-assistant-for-the-anaesthetist. Accessed 18 Aug 2022.
  • Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists & the Faculty of Pain Medicine. Position Statement PS43 2020. Guideline on fatigue risk management in anaesthesia practice. Available from: https://www.anzca.edu.au/ getattachment/b534ace5-3821-4f30-8171-0415c41927da/PG43(A)-Guidelineon-fatigue-risk-management-in-anaesthesia-practice. Accessed 12 Jul 2022.
  • Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists & the Faculty of Pain Medicine. Position Statement PS42 2017. Statement on staffing of accredited departments of anaesthesia. Available from: https://www.anzca.edu.au/ getattachment/52f4eea3-6c91-4cea-a652-a909fd16fe9a/PS42(A)-Positionstatement-on-staffing-of-accredited-departments-of-anaesthesia. Accessed 12 Jul 2022.
  • Australian Medical Association. National code of practice – hours of work, shiftwork and rostering for hospital doctors. Available from: https://www.ama. com.au/articles/national-code-practice-hours-work-shiftwork-and-rosteringhospital-doctors. Accessed 12 Jul 2022.
  • Bernstrøm VH, Alves DE, Ellingsen D, Ingelstrud MH. Healthy working time arrangements for healthcare personnel and patients: a systematic literature review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):193. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12913-019-3993-5.
  • Bola S, Trollip E, Parkinson F. The state of South African internships: a national survey against HPCSA guidelines. S Afr Med J. 2015;105(7):535-9. https://doi. org/10.7196/samjnew.7923.
  • Coetzee JF, Kluyts H. Burnout and areas of work-life among anaesthetists in South Africa. Part 1: Burnout. South Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2020;26(2):73-82. https://doi.org/10.36303/SAJAA.2020.26.2.2358.
  • Dalton A. Mitigating burnout and enhancing wellness in anesthesiologists: individual interventions, wellness programs, and peer support. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2021;59(4):73-80. https://doi.org/10.1097/aia.0000000000000335.
  • De Oliveira S Jr, Chang R, Fitzgerald PC, et al. The prevalence of burnout and depression and their association with adherence to safety and practice standards: a survey of United States anesthesiology trainees. Anesth Analg 2013;117(1):182-93. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e3182917da9.
  • Dobson G, Chong M, Chow L, et al. Guidelines to the practice of anesthesia - revised edition 2018. Can J Anaesth. 2018;65(1):76-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12630-017-0995-9.
  • Dony P, Seidel L, Pirson M, Forget P. Anaesthesia care team improves outcomes in surgical patients compared with solo anaesthesiologist. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2019;36(1):64-69. https://doi.org/10.1097/eja.0000000000000891.
  • Doosty F, Maleki MR, Yarmohammadian MH. An investigation on workload indicator of staffing need: a scoping review. J Educ Health Promot. 2019;8:22. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_220_18.
  • Fowler AJ. A review of recent advances in peri-operative patient safety. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2016;2(1):10-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2049-0801(13)70020-7.
  • Frank JR, Snell L, Sherbino J, editors. CanMEDS 2015 Physician Competency Framework. Ottawa: Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; 2015. Available form: https://www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/documents/canmeds/ canmeds-full-framework-e.pdf. Accessed 12 Jul 2022.
  • Health Professions Council of South Africa, Medical and Dental Professions Board. Guidelines for interns, accredited facilities and health authorities. 2021 edition.
  • Health Professions Council of South Africa. Guideline on the minimum conditions of service and training of registrars and subspecialist trainees in South Africa. Subcommittee for Postgraduate Education and Training (Medical) January 2010.
  • Altman DE, Clancy D, Blendon RJ. Improving patient safety —five years after the IOM report. N Engl J Me.d 2004;351(20):2041-3. https://doi.org/10.1056/ nejmp048243.
  • Kisting S, Dalvie A, Lewis P. South Africa: Case study on working time organization and its effects in the health services sector. Working paper No 311. Geneva: International Labour Organization; 2017. Available from: https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/ publication/wcms_548322.pdf. Accessed 12 Jul 2022.
  • Kothari R, Ke JQC, Bainbridge D, McKeen DM. Professional advocacy and citizenship: a continuing journey that begins during residency. Can J Anesth. 2020;67(11)1493-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-020-01795-1.
  • Künzle B, Zala-Mezö E, Wacker J, et al. 2010. Leadership in anaesthesia teams: the most effective leadership is shared. Qaul Saf Health Care. 2010;19(6):e46. https:// doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2008.030262.
  • Lundgren AC. Peri-operative deaths In two major academic hospitals in Johannesburg, South Africa; PhD thesis. University of Johannesburg; 2011.
  • Merry AF, Cooper JB, Soyannwo O, et al. International standards for a safe practice of anesthesia 2010. Can J Anaesth. 2010;57(11):1027-34. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12630-010-9381-6.
  • Nel S. Factors influencing adverse event and error reporting in anaesthesiology; research report. Qual Manag Health Care. 2016;25(4):213-8.
  • PSNet Patient Safety Network [Internet]. Adverse events, near misses, and errors. Available from: https://psnet.ahrq.gov/primer/adverse-events-near-misses-anderrors. Accessed 12 Jul 2022.
  • Rutherford JS, Flin R, Mitchell L. Non-technical skills of anaesthetic assistants in the perioperative period: a literature review. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(1):27-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aes125.
  • Saadat H, Kain ZN. Wellness interventions for anesthesiologists. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2018;31(3):375-81. https://doi.org/10.1097/ aco.0000000000000598.
  • Sanfilippo F, Noto A, Foresta G, et al. Incidence and factors associated with burnout in anesthesiology: a systematic review. BioMed Res Int. 2017;2017;8648925. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8648925.
  • South African Society of Anaesthesiologists (SASA). Practice Guidelines 2018 Revision. South Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2018;24(2 Suppl 2):S1-119.
  • Spijkerman S. Anaesthetic nurse training in South Africa and the role of the anaesthetist. South Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2021;27(1):12-14. https://doi. org/10.36303/SAJAA.2021.27.1.2592.
  • Sussman D, Paul JE. The impact of transitioning from a 24-hour to a 16-hour call model amongst a cohort of Canadian anesthesia residents at McMaster University. Adv med Educ Pract. 2015;6:501-6. https://doi.org/10.2147/amep. s77389.
  • The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Working arrangements for consultant anaesthetists in the UK. Available from: https:// anaesthetists.org/Home/Resources-publications/Guidelines/Workingarrangements-for-consultant-anaesthetists-in-the-UK. Accessed 12 Jul 2022.
  • Wong LR, Flynn-Evans E, Ruskin KJ. Fatigue risk management: The impact of anesthesiology residents’ work schedules on job performance and review of potential countermeasures. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(4):1340-8. https://doi. org/10.1213/ane.0000000000002548.

Anaesthesia equipment and anaesthetising facilities

  • Baker AB. Low flow and closed circuits. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1994;22(4):341-2. https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9402200402.
  • Baum JA, Aitkenhead AR. Low-flow anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1995;50(Suppl):37- 44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1995.tb06189.x.
  • Baum JA. Low flow anaesthesia with Dräger machines [Internet]. Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA; 2022. Available from: https://www.draeger.com/library/content/ rsp-curves-and-loops-booklet-9097339-en.pdf. Accessed 16 Jul 2022.
  • Baum JA. Low-flow anaesthesia: the sensible and judicious use of inhalation anaesthetics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl. 1997;111:264-7.
  • Bengston JP, Sonander H, Stenqvist O. Comparison costs of different anaesthetic techniques. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1988;32(1):33-35. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1988.tb02683.x.
  • Chambers A, Allan C, Birks R, et al. Controlled drugs in perioperative care. Portland Place, London: The Association of Anesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland; 2006. Available from:  https://anaesthetists.org/Home/Resourcespublications/Guidelines/Controlled-drugs-in-perioperative-care. Accessed 16 Jul 2022.
  • Coetzee JF, Stewart LJ. Fresh gas flow is not the only determinant of volatile agent consumption: a multi-centre study of low-flow anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88(1):46-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/88.1.46.
  • Cotter SM, Petros AJ, Doré CJ, Barber ND, White DC. Low-flow anaesthesia: practice, cost implications and acceptability. Anaesthesia. 1991;46(12):1009-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09910.x.
  • Hawkes C, Miller D, Martineau R, et al. Evaluation of cost minimization strategies of anaesthetic drugs in a tertiary care hospital. Can J Anaesth. 1994;41(10):894- 901. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03010931.
  • Health Professions Council of SA Ethical Rule 2006, as amended. Available from: https://www.hpcsa.co.za/Uploads/Professional_Practice/Ethics_Booklet.pdf. Accessed 3 Aug 2022.
  • Komesaroff D. Low flow anaesthesia - an Australian devotee’s perspective. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1994;22(4):343-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/031 0057x9402200403.
  • Logan M. Breathing systems: effect of fresh gas flow rate on enflurane consumption. Br J Anaesth. 1994;73(6):775-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ bja/73.6.775.
  • Lundgren AC. Ampoule sharing – is it safe practice and is it best practice? Pipeline. 2007;57:1
  • Mapleson WW. The theoretical ideal fresh-gas flow sequence at the start of low-flow anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1998;53(3):264-72. https://doi. org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.00310.x.
  • McKenzie AJ. Reinforcing a “low flow” anaesthesia policy with feedback can produce a sustained reduction in isoflurane consumption. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1998;26(4):371-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9802600405.
  • Meakin GH. Low-flow anaesthesia in infants and children. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83(1):50-57. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/83.1.50.
  • Nørreslet J, Friberg S, Neilsen TM, Rømer U. Halothane anaesthetic and the ozone layer. Lancet. 1989;1(8640):719. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92228-9.
  • Pedersen M, Nielsen J, Ibsen M, Guldager H. Low-flow isoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia offers substantial economic advantages over high-flow and medium-flow isoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1993;37(5):509-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1993.tb03756.x.
  • Republic of South Africa. Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008.
  • Republic of South Africa. The Medicines and Related Substances Act (previously Drugs Control Act) 101 of 1965 Medicines. Available from: https://www.gov.za/ sites/default/files/gcis_document/201505/act-101-1965.pdf. Accessed 22 Jul 2022.
  • Republic of South Africa. Government Gazette, 23 July 2004. Vol 469. The National Health Act 61 of 2003. Available from: https://www.gov.za/documents/ national-health-act. Accessed 22 Jul 2022. • Sherman SJ, Cullen BF. Nitrous oxide and the greenhouse effect. Anesthesiology. 1988;68(5):816-7.
  • Standard treatment guidelines and essential medicines list for South African hospitals – Level Adults. Chapter 12. Pretoria: National Department of Health; 2015.
  • Stoelting RK. Pharmacology and physiology in anaesthetic practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia New York: Lippincott – Raven; 1999. p. 33.
  • Suttner S, Boldt J. Low-flow anaesthesia. Does it have potential pharmacoeconomic consequences? Pharmacoeconomics. 2000;17(6):585-90. https:// doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200017060-00004.
  • Virtue RW. Comparison of cost of high and low flows of anaesthetic agents. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1981;28(2):182-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03007267.
  • Weiskopf R, Eger EI II. Comparing the costs of inhaled anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 1993;79(6):1413-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199312 000-00033.
  • White DC. Low-flow and closed circuit anaesthetic breathing systems. Anaesth Pharmacol Rev. 1994;2:43-50.
  • Wood M, Wood AJJ. Drugs and anaesthesia. Pharmacology for anesthesiologists. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1990. p. 237.
  • World Medical Association. WMA statement on drug substitution of 2005. c2022. World Medical Association. Available from: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/ wma-statement-on-drug-substitution/. Accessed 16 Jul 2022.
  • World Medical Association. WMA statement on the relationship between physicians and pharmacists in medicinal therapy of 1999, amended in 2010 [Internet]. c2022. World Medical Association. Available from: https://www.wma. net/policies-post/wma-statement-on-the-relationship-between-physicians-andpharmacists-in-medicinal-therapy/. Accessed 16 Jul 2022.
  • Zorilla-Vaca A, Arevalo JJ, Escandón-Vargas K, Soltanifar D, Mirski MA. Infectious Disease risk associated with contaminated propofol anesthesia, 1989-2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(6):981-92. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2206.150376

The preanaesthesia period

  • American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology. 2033;98(5):1269- 77. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200305000-00032. http://www.asahq. org/~/media/For%20Members/Practice%20Management/PracticeParameters/ DifficultAirway.Ashx
  • Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation. Statement on routine preoperative laboratory and diagnostic screening [Internet]. c1996-2022. The Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation. Available from: https://www.apsf.org/article/ statement-on-routine-preoperative-laboratory-and-diagnostic-screening/. Accessed 17 Jul 2022.
  • Apfelbaum JL, Connis RT, Nickinovich DG, et al.; on behalf of the Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Practice advisory for preanesthesia evaluation: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(3):522-38. https:// doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31823c1067.
  • Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters (CSPP). Basic standards for preanaesthesia care [Internet]. c2022. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). Available from: https://www.asahq.org/standards-and-guidelines/ basic-standards-for-preanesthesia-care. Accessed 17 Jul 2022.
  • Frykholm P, Disma N, Andersson H, et al. Pre-operative fasting in children. A guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2022;39(1):4-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/eja.0000000000001599.
  • Roizen MF. More preoperative assessment by physicians and less by laboratory tests. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):204-5. https://doi.org/10.1056/ nejm200001203420311.
  • Royal College of Anaesthetists. Chapter 3. Guidelines for the provision of anaesthesia services (GPAS). Guidelines for the provision of anaesthetic services for intraoperative care 2019 [Internet]. c Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCoA). Available from: http://www.rcoa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/2019-11/ GPAS-2019-03-INTRAOP.pdf. Accessed 17 Jul 2022.
  • Thomas M, Morrison C, Newton R, Schindler E. Consensus statement on clear fluids fasting for elective pediatric general anesthesia. Pediatric Anesth. 2018;28(5):411-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.13370.

The anaesthetic period: Records

  • American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous Access, Rupp SM, Apfelbaum JL, Blitt C, et al. Practice guidelines for central venous access: a report by the American Society Of Anesthesiologists Task Force On Central Venous Access. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(3):539-73. https://doi. org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31823c9569.
  • Aouad MT, Kanazi GE, Abdallah FW, et al. Femoral vein cannulation performed by residents: a comparison between ultrasound-guided and landmark technique in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2010;111(3):724- 8. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e3181e9c475.
  • Barrington MJ, Uda Y, Pattullo SJ, Sites BD. Wrong-site regional anesthesia: review and recommendations for prevention? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2015;28(6):670- 84. https://doi.org/10.1097/aco.0000000000000258.
  • Dobson G, Chow L, Filteau L, et al. Guidelines to the practice of anesthesia – revised edition 2021. Can J Anaesth. 2021;68(1):92-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12630-020-01842-x.
  • Dobson G, Filteau L, Fuda G, et al.; on behalf of Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society. Guidelines to the practice of anesthesia – revised edition 2022 [Internet]. c2022. Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society. Available from: https:// www.cas.ca/en/practice-resources/guidelines-to-anesthesia. Accessed 21 Jul 2022.
  • Fragou M, Gravvanis A, Dimitriou V, et al. Real-time ultrasound-guided subclavian vein cannulation versus the landmark method in critical care patients: a prospective randomized study. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(7):1607-12. https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e318218a1ae.
  • Gao Y-B, Yan J-H, Gao F-Q, et al. Effects of ultrasound-guided radial artery catheterization: an updated meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33(1):50-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2014.10.008.
  • Grebenik CR, Boyce A, Sinclair ME, et al. NICE guidelines for central venous catheterization in children. Is the evidence base sufficient? Br J Anaesth. 2004;92(6):827-30. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeh134.
  • Gualtieri E, Deppe SA, Sipperly ME, Thompson DR. Subclavian venous catheterization: greater success rate for less experienced operators using ultrasound guidance. Crit Care Med. 1995;23(4):692-7. https://doi. org/10.1097/00003246-199504000-00018.
  • Hansen MA, Juhl-Olsen P, Thorn S, Frederiksen CA, Sloth E. Ultrasonography‐ guided radial artery catheterization is superior compared with the traditional palpation technique. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014;58(4):446-52. https://doi. org/10.1111/aas.12299.
  • Health Professions Council of South Africa. Guidelines for good practice in the health care professions – guidelines on the keeping of patient records. Booklet 9. Pretoria: Health Professions Council of South Africa; 2016. Available from: https:// www.hpcsa.co.za/Uploads/Professional_Practice/Conduct%20%26%20Ethics/Booklet%209%20Keeping%20of%20Patient%20Records%20September%20 %202016.pdf. Accessed 22 Jul 2022.
  • Hilty WM, Hudson PA, Levitt MA, Hall JB. Real-time ultrasound-guided femoral vein catheterization during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29(3):331-6; discussion 337. https://doi.org/10.1016/ s0196-0644(97)70344-5.
  • Health Professions Council of SA Ethical Rule 2006, as amended. Available from: https://www.hpcsa.co.za/Uploads/Professional_Practice/Ethics_Booklet.pdf. Accessed 3 Aug 2022.
  • Iwashima S, Ishikawa T, Ohzeki T. Ultrasound-guided versus landmark-guided femoral vein access in pediatric cardiac catheterization. Pediatr Cardiol. 2008;29(2):339-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-007-9066-2.
  • Kumar A, Chuan A. Ultrasound guided vascular access: efficacy and safety. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2009;23(3):299-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. bpa.2009.02.006.
  • Lamperti M, Bodenham AR, Pittiruti M, et al. International evidence-based recommendations on ultrasound-guided vascular access. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(7):1105-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-012-2597-x.
  • Mallory DL, McGee WT, Shawker TH, et al. Ultrasound guidance improves the success rate of internal jugular vein cannulation. A prospective, randomized trial. Chest. 1990;98(1):157-60. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.98.1.157.
  • McGee DC, Gould MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(12):1123-33. https://doi.org/10.1056/ nejmra011883.
  • Milling TJ, Rose J, Briggs WM, et al. Randomized, controlled clinical trial of point-of-care limited ultrasonography assistance of central venous cannulation: the third sonography outcomes assessment program (SOAP-3) Trial. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(8):1764-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000171533.92856.e5.
  • Moeti T, Padarath A, editors. South African Health Review 2019. Durban: Health Systems Trust; 2019. Available from: https://www.hst.org.za/ publications/South%20African%20Health%20Reviews/SAHR_2019_14012020_ Updated%20web.pdf. Accessed 21 Jul 2022.
  • National Institute For Clinical Excellence (NICE). Guidance on the use of ultrasound locating devices for placing central venous catheters NICE; 2002. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta49/resources/guidance-onthe-use-of-ultrasound-locating-devices-for-placing-central-venous-catheterspdf-2294585518021. Accessed 21 Jul 2022.
  • National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guide to the methods of technology appraisal. NICE; 2004. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/191504/NICE_ guide_to_the_methods_of_technology_appraisal.pdf. Accessed 21 Jul 2022.
  • Safe Anaesthesia Liaison Group (SALG), Regional Anaesthesia UK (RAUK). Stop Before You Block [Internet]. c2022. RA-UK. Available from: https://www.ra-uk.org/ index.php/stop-before-you-block. Accessed 17 Jan 2022.
  • Schummer W, Köditz JA, Schelenz C, Reinhart K, Sakka SG. Pre-procedure ultrasound increases the success and safety of central venous catheterization. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113(1):122-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeu049.
  • Shiloh AL, Savel RH, Paulin LM, Eisen LA. Ultrasound-guided catheterization of the radial artery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2011;139(3):524-9. https://doi.org/10.1378/ chest.10-0919.
  • Shiver S, Blaivas M, Lyon M. A prospective comparison of ultrasound‐guided and blindly placed radial arterial catheters. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13(12):1275-9. https://doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2006.07.015.
  • The Republic of South Africa. Government Gazette, 10 April 2003. No. R. 510. General regulations made in terms of the Medicines and Related Substances Act, 1965 (Act No. 1010 of 1965), as amended. Available from: https://www.gov.za/ sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/24727b.pdf. Accessed 22 Jul 2022.
  • The Republic of South Africa. Government Gazette, 17 January 2008. No. R. 511. Section 48 of the Health Professions Amendment Act, 29 of 2007. Available from: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/a29-07.pdf. Accessed 17 Jan 2022.
  • The Republic of South Africa. Government Gazette, 19 June 2006. Vol 492. Children’s Act 38 of 2005. Available from: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/ gcis_document/201409/a38-053.pdf. Accessed 21 Jul 2022.
  • The Republic of South Africa. Government Gazette, 20 July 2007. No. R. 636. Section 1 of the Regulations regarding the rendering of Forensic Pathology Service. Available from: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_ document/201409/30075n.pdf. Accessed 17 Jan 2022.
  • The Republic of South Africa. Government Gazette, 23 July 2004. Vol 469. The National Health Act 61 of 2003. Available from: https://www.gov.za/documents/ national-health-act. Accessed 22 Jul 2022.
  • The Republic of South Africa. Government Gazette, 26 November 2013. Vol 581. Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013. Available from: https://www. gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/3706726-11act4of2013protect ionofpersonalinforcorrect.pdf. Accessed 21 Jul 2022.
  • The Republic of South Africa. Government Gazette, 3 February 2002. Vol 416. Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000. Available form: https://www. gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/a2-000.pdf. Accessed 21 Jul 2022.
  • The Republic of South Africa. Government Gazette, 6 May 1992. Vol 323. The Births and Deaths Registration Act 51 of 1992. Available from: https://www. gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/a511992.pdf. Accessed 17 Jan 2022.
  • The Republic of South Africa. Union Gazette Extraordinary, 3 July 1959. The Inquests Act 58 of 1959. Available from: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/ gcis_document/201505/act-58-1959.pdf. Accessed 17 Jan 2022.
  • The Republic of South Africa. Section 56 of the Health Professions Act 56 of 1974. Available from: https://www.hpcsa.co.za/Uploads/Legal/legislation/health_ professions_ct_56_1974.pdf. Accessed 17 Jan 2022.
  • The Republic of South Africa. The  Medicines and Related Substances Act (previously Drugs Control Act) 101 of 1965 Medicines. Available from: https:// www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201505/act-101-1965.pdf. Accessed 22 Jul 2022.
  • Troianos CA, Hartman GS, Glas KE, et al. Guidelines for performing ultrasound guided vascular cannulation: recommendations of the American Society Of Echocardiography And The Society Of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011;24(12):1291-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. echo.2011.09.021.
  • Troianos CA, Hartman GS, Glas KE, et al. Guidelines for performing ultrasound guided vascular cannulation. Anesth Analge. 2012;114(1):46-72. https://doi. org/10.1213/ane.0b013e3182407cd8.
  • Troianos CA, Jobes DR, Ellison N. Ultrasound-guided cannulation of the internal jugular vein. A prospective, randomized study. Anesth Analg. 1991;72(6):823-6. https://doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199106000-00020.

The postanaesthesia period

  • Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI). Immediate postanaesthetic recovery. London, AAGBI; 2002.
  • Lundgren C, O’Donnell N. Editorial. South Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2011;17(5):319-20.
  • Lundgren C. The recovery room … a safe haven, or a disaster waiting to happen? South Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2009:15(2):5-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/22201173.20 09.10872597.
  • Royal College of Anaesthetists. Guidelines on the provision of anaesthetic services for postoperative care. London, RCoA; 2009.
  • Safe handover: safe patients. Guidance on clinical handover for clinicians and managers [Internet]. NHS/BMA document on patient safety. London: BMA; 2004. Available from: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2018-02/bma_ handover_college_tutors.pdf. Accessed 21 Jul 2022.
  • Scribante J, Perrie HC. A pilot study to determine the profile of recovery room nurses in Johannesburg hospitals. South Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2011:17(5):323-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/22201173.2011.10872800.

Anaesthesia outside a hospital setting

  • Bussienne F, Reynaud T. Methoxyflurane may be a suitable analgesic for extreme prehospital conditions. Wilderness Environ Med. 2021;32(2):261-4. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.wem.2021.01.007.
  • Cantelo R, Mahoney PF. An introduction to field anaesthesia. Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care. 2003;14(3):126-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0953-7112(03)00037-1.
  • Chang B, Urman RD. Non-operating room anesthesia: the principles of patient assessment and preparation. Anesthesiol Clin. 2016;34(1):223-40. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.anclin.2015.10.017.
  • Connor D, Collis R, Coley E, et al. Checklist for draw over anaesthetic equipment. Association of Anaesthetists; 2019.
  • Crewdson K, Lockey D, Voelckel W, et al.; on behalf of the EHAC Medical Working Group. Best practice advice on pre-hospital emergency anaesthesia & advanced airway management. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2019;27(1):6. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s13049-018-0554-6.
  • Dobson M. Draw-over anaesthesia part 2 - Practical application [Internet]. Update in Anaesthesia. 1993;17-23. Available from: https://resources.wfsahq. org/wp-content/uploads/uia3-DRAW-OVER-ANAESTHESIA-Part-2-PracticalApplication.pdf. Accessed 25 Jul 2022.
  • Gelb AW, Morriss WW, Johnson W, Merry AF; International Standards for a Safe Practice of Anesthesia Workgroup. World Health Organization–World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WHO–WFSA) international standards for a safe practice of anesthesia. Can J Anaesth. 2018;65(6):698-708. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12630-018-1111-5.
  • Liu H, Fu X, Ren YF, et al. Does inhaled methoxyflurane implement fast and efficient pain management in trauma patients? a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Ther. 2021;10(1):651-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40122-021-00258-9.
  • Lockey DJ, Crewdson K, Davies G, et al. AAGBI: Safer pre-hospital anaesthesia 2017: Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Anaesthesia. 2017;72(3):379-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.13779.
  • Lockey DJ, Crewdson K, Lossius HM. Pre-hospital anaesthesia: the same but different. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113(2):211-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeu205.
  • Mahoney PF, Jeyanathan J, Wood P, Craven R, editors. ICRC Anaesthesia Handbook. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross; 2018. Available from: https://shop.icrc.org/download/ebook?sku=4270/002-ebook. Accessed 25 Jul 2022.
  • Merry AF, Cooper JB, Soyannwo O, Wilson IH, Eichhorn JH. International standards for a safe practice of anesthesia 2010. Can J Anaesth. 2010;57(11):1027-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-010-9381-6.
  • Norton I, Von Schreeb J, Aitken P, Herard P, Lajolo C. WHO classification and minimum standards for foreign medical teams in sudden onset disasters. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2013. Available from: https://www. who.int/docs/default-source/documents/publications/classification-andminimum-standards-for-foreign-medical-teams-in-suddent-onset-disasters. pdf?sfvrsn=43a8b2f1_1. Accessed 25 Jul 2022.
  • Rehn M, Hyldmo PK, Magnusson V, et al. Scandinavian SSAI clinical practice guideline on pre-hospital airway management. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60(7):852-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.12746.
  • Roelofse J, Jansen van Rensburg M. SASA Guidelines for the safe use of procedural sedation and analgesia for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in adults: 2020–2025. South Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2020;26(2 Suppl 1):S1-75.
  • Roelofse J, Jansen van Rensburg M, Gray R, Lapere C. SASA paediatric guidelines for the safe use of procedural sedation and analgesia for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children: 2021–2026. South Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2021;27(4 Suppl 2).S1-83. https://doi.org/10.36303/SAJAA.2021.27.4.S2.2635.
  • Roelofse J. Procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA), an alternative to general anaesthesia for surgical procedures outside the hospital environment. S Afr Dent J. 2015;70(00):432-3.
  • Simpson S, Wilson I. Drawover anaesthesia review [Internet]. Update in Anaesthesia. 2002;13-18. Available from: https://e-safe-anaesthesia.org/e_ library/05/Drawover_anaesthesia_Update_2002.pdf. Accessed 25 Jul 2022.
  • Turnbull D, Krovvidi H, Gannon J. Chapter 7. Guidelines for the provision of anaesthesia services (GPAS). Guidelines the provision of anaesthesia services in the non-theatre environment 2020 [Internet]. RCoA; 2020. Available from: https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/2020-02/GPAS-2020-07- ANTE.pdf. Accessed 25 Jul 2022.
  • Turner J, Bourn S, Raitt J, Ley E, O’Meara M, Pre-HOspital Trainee Operated research Network study investigators. Pre-hospital emergency anaesthesia in the United Kingdom: an observational cohort study. Br J Anaesth. 2020;124(5):579- 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2020.01.023.
  • Wenzel V, Lindner KH. Best pharmacological practice in prehospital intubation. Lancet. 2009;374(9686):267-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61071-0.
  • WHO. WHO Guidelines for Safe Surgery 2009 [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2009. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/ handle/10665/44185. Accessed 25 Jul 2022.

Appendix A: Governance

  • Biccard BM, Madiba TE, Kluyts H-L, et al. Perioperative patient outcomes in the African Surgical Outcomes Study: a 7-day prospective observational cohort study. Lancet. 2018;391(10130):1589-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/ s0140-6736(18)30001-1.
  • Econex, 2014
  • Eurostat, 2015; Econex, 2014
  • World Health Oganisation, 2014

Appendix F: Position statements

  • Andrade C. Ketamine for depression, 4: In what dose, at what rate, by what route, for how long, and at what frequency? J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(7):e852-7. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.17f11738.
  • Clinical algorithm for ketamine administration for depression University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, Texas. Undated.
  • Cohen SP, Bhatia A, Buvanendran A, et al. Consensus guidelines on the use of intravenous ketamine infusions for chronic pain from the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(5):521-46. https://doi.org/10.1097/aap.0000000000000808.
  • Gao M, Rejaei D, Liu H. Ketamine use in current clinical practice. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2016;37(7):865-72. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2016.5.
  • Gómez-Revuelta M, Fernández-Rodriguez M, Boada-Antón L, VázquezBourgon J. Apnea during slow sub-anaesthetic infusion of intravenous ketamine for treatment-resistant depression. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2020;10:2045125320981498. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125320981498.
  • Kirota K, Lambert DG. Ketamine and depression. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121(6):1198- 202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.08.020.
  • Kurdi MS, Theerth KA, Deva RS. Ketamine: current applications in anaesthesia, pain and critical care. Anesth Essays Res. 2014;8(3):283-90. https://doi. org/10.4103/0259-1162.143110.
  • McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD, Nemeroff CB, et al. Synthesizing the evidence for ketamine and esketamine in treatment-resistant depression: an international expert opinion on the available evidence and implementation. Am J Psychiatry. 2021;178(5):383-99. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20081251.
  • Roelofse J, Jansen van Rensburg M. SASA Guidelines for the safe use of procedural sedation and analgesia for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in adults: 2020–2025. South Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2020;26(2 Suppl 1):S1-75.
  • Strayer RJ, Nelson LS. Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26(9):985-1028. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ajem.2007.12.005.

 

Drugs mentioned

NeoHealth® ID 36181 · updated 4/5/2024