References - Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis

[1] Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Procedure-associated Module. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) Event. [Online] [Published April 2015; accessed December 2015]http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/9pscSSIcurrent.pdf

[2] Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Procedure-associated Module. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) Event. [Online] [Published April 2015; accessed December 2015] http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/9pscSSIcurrent.pdf

[3] Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (timing): Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, Perl TM, Auwaerter PG, Bolon MK, Fish DN, Napolitano LM, Sawyer RG, Slain D, Steinberg JP, Weinstein RA; American Society of Health- System Pharmacists; Infectious Disease Society of America; Surgical Infection Society; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013 Feb 1;70(3):195-283. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23327981

Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (timing):Burke JP. Maximizing appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical patients:an update from LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City. ClinInfect Dis. 2001 Sep 1;33Suppl2:S78-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486303

Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (timing): Bratzler DW, Houck PM, Richards C, Steele L, Dellinger EP, Fry DE, Wright C, Ma A, Carr K, Red L. Use of antimicrobial prophylaxis for major surgery: baseline results from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Arch Surg. 2005 Feb;140(2):174-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486303

Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (timing): van Kasteren ME, Manniën J, Ott A, Kullberg BJ, de Boer AS, Gyssens IC. Antibiotic prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infections following total hip arthroplasty: timely administration is the most important factor. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 1;44(7):921-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17342642

Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (timing): Koch CG, Li L, Hixson E, Tang A, Gordon S, Longworth D, Phillips S, Blackstone E, Henderson JM. Is it time to refine? An exploration and simulation of optimal antibiotic timing in general surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2013 Oct;217(4):628-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849901

[4] Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (tourniquet): Bratzler DW, Houck PM; Surgical Infection Prevention Guidelines Writers Workgroup; American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; American Association of Critical Care Nurses; American Association of Nurse Anesthetists; American College of Surgeons; American College of Osteopathic Surgeons; American Geriatrics Society; American Society of Anesthesiologists; American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons; American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses; Ascension Health; Association of periOperative Registered Nurses; Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Medical Letter; Premier; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Society of Thoracic Surgeons; Surgical Infection Society. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jun15;38(12):1706-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15227616

[5] Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (glycaemic control): Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, Leas B, Stone EC, Kelz RR, Reinke CE, Morgan S, Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Dellinger EP, Itani KMF, Berbari EF, Segreti J, Parvizi J, Blanchard J, Allen G, Kluytmans JAJW, Donlan R, Schecter WP; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017 Aug 1;152(8):784-791. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28467526

[6] Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (normothermia): Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, Leas B, Stone EC, Kelz RR, Reinke CE, Morgan S, Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Dellinger EP, Itani KMF, Berbari EF, Segreti J, Parvizi J, Blanchard J, Allen G, Kluytmans JAJW, Donlan R, Schecter WP; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017 Aug 1;152(8):784-791. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28467526

[7] Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (washing): Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, Leas B, Stone EC, Kelz RR, Reinke CE, Morgan S, Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Dellinger EP, Itani KMF, Berbari EF, Segreti J, Parvizi J, Blanchard J, Allen G, Kluytmans JAJW, Donlan R, Schecter WP; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017 Aug 1;152(8):784-791. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28467526

[8] Preoperative hair removal: Tanner J, Norrie P, Melen K. Preoperative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Nov 9;(11):CD004122. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071812

[9] Cefaxolin (dose): Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, Leas B, Stone EC, Kelz RR, Reinke CE, Morgan S, Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Dellinger EP, Itani KMF, Berbari EF, Segreti J, Parvizi J, Blanchard J, Allen G, Kluytmans JAJW, Donlan R, Schecter WP; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017 Aug 1;152(8):784-791. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28467526

Cefaxolin (dose): Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, Perl TM, Auwaerter PG, Bolon MK, Fish DN, Napolitano LM, Sawyer RG, Slain D, Steinberg JP, Weinstein RA; American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; Infectious Disease Society of America; Surgical Infection Society; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013 Feb 1;70(3):195-283. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23327981

[10] Cefaxolin (dose) – pregnant women: Swank ML, Wing DA, Nicolau DP, McNulty JA. Increased 3-gram cefazolin dosing for cesarean delivery prophylaxis in obese women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Sep;213(3):415.e1-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26003059

Cefaxolin (dose) – pregnant women: Elkomy MH, Sultan P, Drover DR, Epshtein E, Galinkin JL, Carvalho B. Pharmacokinetics of prophylactic cefazolin in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Jun;58(6):3504-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733461

[11] Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (single dose): McDonald M, Grabsch E, Marshall C, Forbes A. Single- versus multiple-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis for major surgery: a systematic review. Aust N Z J Surg. 1998 Jun;68(6):388-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9623456

Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (single dose): Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, Perl TM, Auwaerter PG, Bolon MK, Fish DN, Napolitano LM, Sawyer RG, Slain D, Steinberg JP, Weinstein RA; American Society of Health- System Pharmacists; Infectious Disease Society of America; Surgical Infection Society; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013 Feb 1;70(3):195-283. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23327981

[12] Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (blood loss > 1500 mL): Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, Leas B, Stone EC, Kelz RR, Reinke CE, Morgan S, Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Dellinger EP, Itani KMF, Berbari EF, Segreti J, Parvizi J, Blanchard J, Allen G, Kluytmans JAJW, Donlan R, Schecter WP; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017 Aug 1;152(8):784-791. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28467526

[13] Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (re-dosing):Ohge H, Takesue Y, Yokoyama T, Murakami Y, Hiyama E, Yokoyama Y, Kanehiro T, Itaha H, Matsuura Y. An additional dose of cefazolin for intraoperative prophylaxis. Surg Today. 1999;29(12):1233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16039702
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (re-dosing): National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Surgical site infections: prevention and treatment clincal guideline, 22 October 2008. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg74

[14] Azithromycin, IV (with cefazolin, IV for emergency caesarean delivery): Tita ATN, Boggess K, Saade G. Adjunctive Azithromycin Prophylaxis for Cesarean Delivery. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jan 12;376(2):182. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28076707

Azithromycin, IV (with cefazolin, IV for emergency caesarean delivery): Farmer N, Hodgetts-Morton V, Morris RK. Are prophylactic adjunctive macrolides efficacious against caesarean section surgical site infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020 Jan;244:163-171. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31810022

[15] Clindamycin: Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, Perl TM, Auwaerter PG, Bolon MK, Fish DN, Napolitano LM, Sawyer RG, Slain D, Steinberg JP, Weinstein RA; American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; Infectious Disease Society of America; Surgical Infection Society; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013 Feb 1;70(3):195-283. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23327981

[16] Immunisation –splenectomy (timing): Shatz DV, Schinsky MF, Pais LB, Romero-Steiner S, Kirton OC, Carlone GM. Immune responses of splenectomized trauma patients to the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine at 1 versus 7 versus 14 days after splenectomy. J Trauma. 1998 May;44(5):760-5; discussion 765-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9603075

Immunisation –splenectomy (timing):Konradsen HB, Rasmussen C, Ejstrud P, Hansen JB. Antibody levels against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b in a population of splenectomized individuals with varying vaccination status. Epidemiol Infect. 1997 Oct;119(2):167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9363015

[17] Polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine revaccination – splenectomy: Rutherford EJ, Livengood J, Higginbotham M, Miles WS, Koestner J, Edwards KM, Sharp KW, Morris JA Jr. Efficacy and safety of pneumococcal revaccination after splenectomy for trauma. J Trauma. 1995 Sep;39(3):448-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7473907

Polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine revaccination – splenectomy (dosing schedule): ACIP Practice Guidelines - CDC. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, October 12, 2012, Vol 61, No 40. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6140a4.htm?s_cid=mm6140a4_w

[18] Vaccines – splenectomy: Davies JM, Lewis MP, Wimperis J, Rafi I, Ladhani S, Bolton-Maggs PH; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Review of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of infection in patients with an absent or dysfunctional spleen: prepared on behalf of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology by a working party of the Haemato-Oncology task force. Br J Haematol. 2011 Nov;155(3):308-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21988145

Vaccines – splenectomy: Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, Davies EG, Avery R, Tomblyn M, Bousvaros A, Dhanireddy S, Sung L, Keyserling H, Kang I, Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;58(3):e44-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311479

Vaccines – splenectomy: Davidson RN, Wall RA. Prevention and management of infections in patients without a spleen. ClinMicrobiol Infect. 2001 Dec;7(12):657-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11843905

Vaccines – splenectomy:Bisharat N, Omari H, Lavi I, Raz R. Risk of infection and death among post-splenectomy patients. J Infect. 2001 Oct;43(3):182-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11798256

Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition