References - The Nervous System
References
1 Epileptic Seizure (Definition): International League Against Epilepsy. Diagnostic Manual of the epilepsies. Epigraph Vol. 18 Issue 2, Fall 2016. https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org
2 Epileptic Seizure (Definition): International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsy Imitators. https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html
3 Epileptic Seizure (Definition): International League Against Epilepsy. Diagnostic Manual of the epilepsies. Epigraph Vol. 18 Issue 2, Fall 2016. https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, Connolly MB, French J, Guilhoto L. ILAE classification of epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017, 58 (4): 512-521.
4 Epileptic Seizure (Definition): Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, Connolly MB, French J, Guilhoto L. ILAE classification of epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017, 58 (4): 512-521.
5 Epileptic Seizure (Definition): International League Against Epilepsy. Diagnostic Manual of the epilepsies. Epigraph Vol. 18 Issue 2, Fall 2016. https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org
6 Epileptic Seizure (Recovery Position): Australia Wide First Aid. https://www.australiawidefirstaid.com.au/resources/cpr-guide-childre
7 Lorazepam IV, Diazepam IV, Midazolam IV: Drug Doses. Author, Frank Shann. Edition, 9. Publisher, Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, 1996. ISBN, 0646272047, 9780646272047.
8 Midazolam, buccal (children-status epilepticus): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC level. Medicine review: Midazolam, buccal vs diazepam, rectal for the control of seizures in children, 28 May 2014. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list NICE. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults. April 2022 (Updated 2025) Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217
9 Diazepam, rectal (children-status epilepticus): NICE. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults. April 2022 Updated 2025) Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217
10 Levetiracetam (NGT): Gettings JV, Mohammad Alizadeh Chafjiri F, Patel AA, Shorvon S, Goodkin HP, Loddenkemper T. Diagnosis and management of status epilepticus: improving the status quo. Lancet Neurol. 2025 Jan;24(1):65-76. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00430-7. Epub 2024 Dec 2. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol. 2025 Feb;24(2):e2. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00516-7. PMID: 39637874. Levetiracetam (NGT): Kapur J, Elm J, Chamberlain JM, Barsan W, Cloyd J, Lowenstein D, Shinnar S, Conwit R, Meinzer C, Cock H, Fountain N, Connor JT, Silbergleit R; NETT and PECARN Investigators. Randomized Trial of Three Anticonvulsant Medications for Status Epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 2019 Nov 28;381(22):2103-2113. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1905795. PMID: 31774955; PMCID: PMC7098487.
11 Phenytoin (avoid in poisoning): Shah AS, Eddleston M. Should phenytoin or barbiturates be used as second-line anticonvulsant therapy for toxicological seizures? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010 Oct;48(8):800-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20923393 Phenytoin (avoid in poisoning): Chen HY, Albertson TE, Olson KR. Treatment of drug-induced seizures. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Mar;81(3):412-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26174744
12 Refractory Status Epilepticus: Wilmshurst JM, van der Walt JS, Ackermann S, Karlsson MO, Blockman M. Rescue therapy with high-dose oral phenobarbitone loading for refractory status epilepticus. J Paediatr Child Health. 2010 Jan;46(1-2):17-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01611.x. Epub 2009 Nov 23. PMID: 19943867.
13 Midazolam, buccal (children-status epilepticus): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC level. Medicine review: Midazolam, buccal vs diazepam, rectal for the control of seizures in children, 28 May 2014. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list Midazolam, buccal (children-status epilepticus): McMullan J, Sasson C, Pancioli A, Silbergleit R. Midazolam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus in children and young adults: a meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Jun;17(6):575-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20624136 Midazolam, buccal (children-status epilepticus): McIntyre J, Robertson S, Norris E, Appleton R, Whitehouse WP, Phillips B, Martland T, Berry K, Collier J, Smith S, Choonara I. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Jul 16- 22;366(9481):205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16023510 Midazolam, buccal (children-status epilepticus): Mpimbaza A, Ndeezi G, Staedke S, Rosenthal PJ, Byarugaba J. Comparison of buccal midazolam with rectal diazepam in the treatment of prolonged seizures in Ugandan children: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics. 2008; 121:e58–64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166545 Midazolam, buccal (children-status epilepticus): Scott RC, Besag FM, Neville BG. Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence: a randomised trial. Lancet.1999; 353:623–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10030327
Midazolam, buccal (children-second dose): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC level. Medicine review: Buccal midazolam (repeat dose) for status epilepticus in children - review update, 25 May 2017. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list MIdazolam, buccal (children-second dose): Smith R, Brown J. Midazolam for status epilepticus. Aust Prescr. 2017 Feb;40(1):23-25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28246432 Midazolam, buccal (children-second dose): World Health Organisation. mhGAP Intervention Guide Mental Health Gap Action Programme for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings, version 2.0 Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/mhGAP_intervention_guide_02/en/ Midazolam, buccal (children-second dose): NICE. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults. April 2022 Updated 2025) Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217
14 Febrile seizures definition: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
15 Epilepsy (Classification): Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, Connolly MB, French J, Guilhoto L. ILAE classification of epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017, 58 (4): 512-521
16 Risk of congenital structural malformations and neurodevelopment harms: Pennell PB. Neurotherapeutics. 2016 and Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency safety leaflet).
17 Epilepsy (Focal): Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Cividini S, Marson AG, Tudur Smith C. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Apr 1;4(4):CD011412. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011412.pub4. PMID: 35363878; PMCID: PMC8974892.
18 Epilepsy (Medicine Treatment): NICE. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults. April 2022 (Updated 2025) Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217
19 Lamotrigine, oral (dose titration): University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology. (2024). South African Medicines Formulary (SAMF). SAMF website. https://samf-app.com Lamotrigine, oral (dose titration): South African Health Product Regulatory Authority. Approved Professional Information Package. Lamotrigine. Available at https://pi-pil-repository.sahpra.org.za/wpcontent/uploads/2025/02/PI-Approved-Lamilepsy-31012025.pdf
20 Rajesh A, Kingston-Hepner M and Krishnakumar. Raised intracranial pressure. Paediatrics and Child Health 27;6:260–267.
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Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Paediatric Hospital Level_Updated May 2025
Chapter 13: The Nervous System_References