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References

These are the approved guidelines published by the South African Society of Psychiatrists to provide an overview on treatment and management of commonly diagnosed psychiatric illnesses. The guidelines include consensus recommendations, based on peer contribution and using the international evidence based guidelines that are suitable for the local South African health service.

Please note that parts of this guideline may be out of date, an update will be published as soon as it is available.

  1. Stein DJ, Hollander E. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders. In: Feighner J, Boyer WF, eds. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Advances in Basic Research and Clinical Practice, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley, 1996.
  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
  3. Stein DJ, Hollander E, Rowland, et al. Quality of life and pharmaco-economic aspects of obsessive-compulsive disorder:A South African survey. S Afr Med J 1996;86:1579-1585.
  4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
  5. Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, et al. WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders - first revision. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 2008;9:248-312. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15622970802465807]
  6. Pigott TA, L’Heureux F, Dubbert B, et al. Obsessive compulsive disorder: Comorbid conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55:15-32.
  7. Koran LM, Hanna GL, Hollander E, et al. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:5-53.
  8. Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, et al. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: Clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:264-271.
  9. Geller DA, Biederman J, Stewart SE, et al. Which SSRI? A meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy trials in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1919-1928.
  10. King RA, Leonard H, March J, Work Group on Quality Issues.Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998;37(S10):27-45.
  11. Roose SP, Glassman AH, Attia E, et al. Comparative efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclics in the treatment of melancholia. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:1735-1739.
  12. Anderson IM. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: A meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. J Affect Disord 2000;58:19-36.
  13. Clerc GE, Ruimy P, Verdeau-Palles J. A double-blind comparison of venlafaxine and fluoxetine in patients hospitalized for major depression and melancholia. The Venlafaxine French Inpatient Study Group. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1994;9:139-143.
  14. Joyce PR, Mulder RT, Luty SE, et al. A differential response to nortriptyline and fluoxetine in melancholic depression: The importance of age and gender. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;108:20-23. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00120.x]
  15. Hawkridge S, Stein DJ, Bouwer C. Combining neuroleptics with serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors in Tourette’s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:703-704.
  16. Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, et al. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. New Engl J Med 1997;336:258-262.
  17. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1006-1011.
  18. Stein DJ, Spadaccini E, Hollander E. Meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy trials for obsessive compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacology 1995;10:11-18.
  19. Ackerman DL, Greenland S. Multivariate meta-analysis of controlled drug studies for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;22:309-317. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-200206000-00012]
  20. Stein DJ. Neurobiology of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders. Biological Psychiatry 2001;47:296-304.
  21. Pato MT, Hill JL, Murphy DL. A clomipramine dosage reduction study in the course of long-term treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder patients. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1990;26:211-214.
  22. Broocks A, Hohagen F. Psychotherapy in OCD. In: Fineberg N, Marazziti D, Stein DJ, eds. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Practical Guide. London: Martin Dunitz, 2001.
  23. Ballenger JC. Treatment of anxiety disorders to remission. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(S12):5-9.
  24. Fava M. Augmentation and combination strategies in treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(S18):4-11.
  25. Stein DJ, Fineberg N, Seedat S. An integrated approach to the treatment of OCD. In: Fineberg N, Marazziti D, Stein DJ, eds. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Practical Guide. London: MartinDunitz, 2001.
  26. McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF. Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: A double-blind placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:302-308.
  27. McDougle CJ, Epperson CN, Pelton GH, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone addition in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder.Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:794-802 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.8.794]
  28. Komossa K, Depping AM, Meyer M, et al. Second-generation antipsychotics for obsessive compulsive disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010;12:CD008141. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008141]
  29. Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B, et al. A systematic review: Antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2006;11:622-632.30. 
  30. Ravizza L, Barzega G, Bellino S, et al. Therapeutic effect and safety of adjunctive risperidone in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1996;32:677-682.31. 
  31. Stein DJ, Bouwer C, Hawkridge S, et al. Risperidone augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58:119-122.
  32. Castenada R, Sussman N, Westreich L, et al. A review of the effects of moderate alcohol intake on the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:207-212.
  33. Schadé A, Marquenie LA, van Balkom AJLM, et al. Do comorbid anxiety disorders in alcohol-dependent patients need specific treatment to prevent relapse? Alcohol Alcohol 2003;38:255-262. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agg062]
  34. Marazziti D, Dell’Osso L, Gemignani A, et al. Citalopram in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 20001;16:215-219.
  35. Hollander E, Mullen L, DeCaria CM, et al. Obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, and fluoxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 1991;52:418-422.
  36. Ananth J, Burgoyne K, Smith M, et al. Venlafaxine for treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1832.
  37. Koran LM, Sallee FR, Pallanti, S. Rapid benefit of intravenous pulse loading of clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:396-401.
  38. Bystritsky A, Munford PR, Rosen RM, et al. A preliminary study of partial hospital management of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Serv 1996;47:170-174.
  39. Martuza RL, Chiocca EA, Jenike MA, et al. Stereotactic radiofrequency thermal cingulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuropsychiatry 1990;2:331-336.
  40. Stein DJ, Seedat S, Niehaus DJH, et al. Psychiatric medications in primary care: Algorithms and guidelines. Cape Town: University of Stellenbosch: Mental Health Information Centre, 2005:77.

Drugs mentioned

ICD-10 codes

NeoHealth® ID 19542 · updated 4/19/2022