References - Mental Health Conditions

ⁱ Definition (Psychoeducation): Sarkhel S, Singh OP, Arora M. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Psychoeducation in Psychiatric Disorders General Principles of Psychoeducation. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020 Jan;62(Suppl 2):S319-S323. doi: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_780_19. Epub 2020 Jan 17. PMID: 32055073; PMCID: PMC7001357.

ⁱⁱ Definition (Risk Assessment): New South Wales Government. SESLHDGL/082 Clinical Risk Assessment and Management. 2022/04 Version 7.2

ⁱⁱⁱ Definition (Manual Restraint): Strategies to end seclusion and restraint. WHO Quality Rights Specialized training. Course guide. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329605/9789241516754-eng.pdf

^iv Definition (Mechanical Restraint): National Department of Health. Policy Guidelines on Seclusion and Restraint of Mental Health Care Users. 2012. Available from: https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/policy-guidelines-seclusionand-restraint-mental-health-care-users-2012

^v Management of aggressive disruptive behaviour in pregnancy: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Antenatal and postnatal mental health: the NICE guideline on clinical management and service guidance. Updated edition. NICE clinical guidance 192. London: NICE; 2014. Management of aggressive disruptive behaviour in pregnancy: British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017. McAllister-Williams RH, Baldwin DS, Cantwell R, Easter A, Gilvarry E, Glover V, Green L, Gregoire A, Howard LM, Jones I, Khalifeh H, Lingford-Hughes A, McDonald E, Micali N, Pariante CM, Peters L, Roberts A, Smith NC, Taylor D, Wieck A, Yates LM, Young AH, endorsed by the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31:519. Available from: https://www.bap.uk

^vi Benzodiazepines: Zaman H, Sampson SJ, Beck AL, Sharma T, Clay FJ, Spyridi S, Zhao S, Gillies D. Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 8;12:CD003079. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29219171

^vii Lorazepam, oral (dose range): Taylor, David; Paton, Carol; Kapur, Shitij. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, Twelfth Edition. London: CRC Press; 2015.
Lorazepam, oral (dose range): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^viii Clonazepam, oral (dose range): Taylor, David; Paton, Carol; Kapur, Shitij. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, Twelfth Edition. London: CRC Press; 2015.
Clonazepam, oral (dose range): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^ix Diazepam, oral (dose range): Taylor, David; Paton, Carol; Kapur, Shitij. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, Twelfth Edition. London: CRC Press; 2015.
Diazepam, oral (dose range): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^x Midazolam, buccal: Taylor D, Okocha C, Paton C, Smith S, Connolly A. Buccal midazolam for agitation on psychiatric intensive care wards.Int J Psychiatry ClinPract.2008;12(4):309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24937720
Midazolam, buccal: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Primary Health Care STGs and EML, 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/
Midazolam, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^xi Olanzapine, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.
Olanzapine, oral/oral dispersible tablet/IM/: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Olanzapine for Aggressive / disruptive behaviour, 29 September 2022. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^xii Lorazepam, IM: Alexander J, Tharyan P, Adams C, John T, Mol C, Philip J. Rapid tranquillisation of violent or agitated patients in a psychiatric emergency setting. Pragmatic randomised trial of intramuscular lorazepam v. haloperidol plus promethazine. Br J Psychiatry. 2004 Jul;185:63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15231557
Lorazepam, IM (dose range): Taylor, David; Paton, Carol; Kapur, Shitij. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, Tenth Edition. London: CRC Press; 2009.

^xiii Clonazepam, IM (dose range): Taylor, David; Paton, Carol; Kapur, Shitij. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, Twelfth Edition. London: CRC Press; 2015.

^xiv Benzodiazepine oral/IM repeat dosing: Nobay F, Simon BC, Levitt MA, Dresden GM. A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial of midazolam versus haloperidol versus lorazepam in the chemical restraint of violent and severely agitated patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2004 Jul;11(7):744-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15231461
Benzodiazepine oral/IM repeat dosing: Patel MX, Sethi FN, Barnes TR, Dix R, Dratcu L, Fox B, Garriga M, Haste JC, Kahl KG, Lingford-Hughes A, McAllister-Williams H, O'Brien A, Parker C, Paterson B, Paton C, Posporelis S, Taylor DM, Vieta E, Völlm B, Wilson-Jones C, Woods L; With co-authors (in alphabetical order):. Joint BAP NAPICU evidence-based consensus guidelines for the clinical management of acute disturbance: De-escalation and rapid tranquillisation. J Psychopharmacol 2018 Jun;32(6):601-640. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29882463

^xv Benzodiazepines, IM (onset of action/duration of action): Patel MX, Sethi FN, Barnes TR, Dix R, Dratcu L, Fox B, Garriga M, Haste JC, Kahl KG, Lingford-Hughes A, McAllister-Williams H, O'Brien A, Parker C, Paterson B, Paton C, Posporelis S, Taylor DM, Vieta E, Völlm B, Wilson-Jones C, Woods L; With co-authors (in alphabetical order):. Joint BAP NAPICU evidence-based consensus guidelines for the clinical management of acute disturbance: De-escalation and rapid tranquillisation. J Psychopharmacol. 2018 Jun;32(6):601-640. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29882463

^xvi Benzodiazepines, parenteral: Gillies D, Sampson S, Beck A, Rathbone J. Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;4:CD003079. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633309

^xvii Zuclopenthixol acetate, IM: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^xviii Thiamine, oral: Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry. 13th ed: WILEY Blackwell; 2018.
Thiamine: Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peters L, Nutt DJ; British Association for Psychopharmacology, Expert Reviewers Group. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jul;26(7):899-952. doi: 10.1177/0269881112444324. Epub 2012 May 23. PMID: 22628390.

^xix Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): SSRIs (Therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- PHC and Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, therapeutic class for anxiety and depression, October 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): Baldwin D, Woods R, Lawson R, Taylor D. Efficacy of drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d1199. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21398351
Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): Bandelow B, Reitt M, Rover C, Michaelis S, Gorlich Y, Wedekind D. Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;30(4):183-92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25932596
Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): Mayo-Wilson E, Dias S, Mavranezouli I, Kew K, Clark DM, Ades AE, et al. Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):368-76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26361000
Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^xx Citalopram, oral (anxiety): SSRIs (Therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- PHC and Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, therapeutic class for anxiety and depression, October 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Citalopram, oral (anxiety): Baldwin D, Woods R, Lawson R, Taylor D. Efficacy of drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d1199. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21398351
Citalopram, oral (anxiety): Bandelow B, Reitt M, Rover C, Michaelis S, Gorlich Y, Wedekind D. Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;30(4):183-92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25932596
Citalopram, oral (anxiety): Mayo-Wilson E, Dias S, Mavranezouli I, Kew K, Clark DM, Ades AE, et al. Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):368-76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26361000
Citalopram, oral (anxiety): Stahl SM, Gergel I, Li D. Escitalopram in the treatment of panic disorder: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Nov;64(11):1322-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658946
Citalopram, oral (anxiety): Thorlund K, Druyts E, Wu P, Balijepalli C, Keohane D, Mills E. Comparative efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in older adults: a network metaanalysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(5):1002-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25945410
Citalopram, oral (anxiety): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^xxi Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oral (resolution of agitation – anxiety disorders): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^xxii Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oral (duration of therapy – anxiety disorders): Rickels K, Etemad B, Khalid-Khan S, Lohoff FW, Rynn MA, Gallop RJ. Time to relapse after 6 and 12 months' treatment of generalized anxiety disorder with venlafaxine extended release. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;67(12):1274-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21135327
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oral (duration of therapy – anxiety disorders): World Health Organisation. mhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings: mental health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP), version 2.0. Geneva, 2016 http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/mhGAP_intervention_guide_02/en/

^xxiii Diazepam, oral (dosing in anxiety): British National Formulary, 78th edition (September 2019-March 2020). Diazepam, oral (dosing in anxiety): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^xxiv Benzodiazepines (caution): NICE. Generalised anxiety disorder and panicdisorder in adults: management, 26 January 2011. http://nice.org.uk/guidance/cg113
Benzodiazepines (caution): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022. Benzodiazepines, oral (caution): Picton JD, Marino AB, Nealy KL. Benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline in the elderly. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018 Jan 1;75(1):e6-e12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273607
Benzodiazepines, oral (caution): Brandt J, Leong C. Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs: An Updated Review of Major Adverse Outcomes Reported on in Epidemiologic Research. Drugs R D. 2017 Dec;17(4):493-507. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28865038

^xxv Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oral (in pregnancy): National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Antenatal and postnatal mental health: the NICE guideline on clinical management and service guidance. Updated edition. NICE clinical guidance 192. London: NICE; 2014. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192/evidence/fullguideline-pdf-19339686
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oral (in pregnancy): British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017. McAllister-Williams RH, Baldwin DS, Cantwell R, Easter A, Gilvarry E, Glover V, Green L, Gregoire A, Howard LM, Jones I, Khalifeh H, LingfordHughes A, McDonald E, Micali N, Pariante CM, Peters L, Roberts A, Smith NC, Taylor D, Wieck A, Yates LM, Young AH, endorsed by the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31:519. Available from: https://www.bap.uk
Sertraline, oral (perinatal anxiety and depression): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Sertraline for Perinatal Anxiety and Depression, March 2020. http://www.health.gov.za/

^xxvi Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oral (in pregnancy): National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Antenatal and postnatal mental health: the NICE guideline on clinical management and service guidance. Updated edition. NICE clinical guidance 192. London: NICE; 2014. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192/evidence/fullguideline-pdf-19339686
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oral (in pregnancy): British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017. McAllister-Williams RH, Baldwin DS, Cantwell R, Easter A, Gilvarry E, Glover V, Green L, Gregoire A, Howard LM, Jones I, Khalifeh H, LingfordHughes A, McDonald E, Micali N, Pariante CM, Peters L, Roberts A, Smith NC, Taylor D, Wieck A, Yates LM, Young AH, endorsed by the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31:519. Available from: https://www.bap.uk Sertraline, oral (perinatal anxiety and depression): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Sertraline for Perinatal Anxiety and Depression, March 2020. http://www.health.gov.za/

^xxvii Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oral (depression): SSRIs (Therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC and Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: SSRIs, therapeutic class for anxiety and depression, October 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oral (depression): Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, Leucht S, Ruhe HG, Turner EH, Higgins JPT, Egger M, Takeshima N, Hayasaka Y, Imai H, Shinohara K, Tajika A, Ioannidis JPA, Geddes JR. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 7;391(10128):1357-1366. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29477251
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors , oral (depression): Magni LR, Purgato M, Gastaldon C, Papola D, Furukawa TA, Cipriani A, Barbui C. Fluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 17;(7):CD004185. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353997
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors s, oral (depression): Thorlund K, Druyts E, Wu P, Balijepalli C, Keohane D, Mills E. Comparative efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in older adults: a network meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(5):1002-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25945410

^xxviii Amitryptiline, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^xxix Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oral (duration of therapy – depression): Bauer M, Severus E, Köhler S, Whybrow PC, Angst J, Möller HJ; Wfsbp Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Unipolar Depressive Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders. part 2: maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder-update 2015. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;16(2):76-95. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25677972
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oral (duration of therapy – depression): World Health Organisation. mhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings: mental health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP), version 2.0. Geneva, 2016 http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/mhGAP_intervention_guide_02/en/
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oral (duration of therapy – depression): Geddes JR, Carney SM, Davies C, Furukawa TA, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Goodwin GM. Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet. 2003 Feb 22;361(9358):653-61. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12606176

^xxx Quetiapine, oral (acute treatment of depression and prevention of relapse): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Quetiapine, oral for treatment and prevention of depression in bipolar disorder in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Quetiapine, oral (depressive residual symptoms): Butler M, Urosevic S, Desai P, Sponheim SR, Popp J, Nelson VA, et al. Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD) 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532183/
Quetiapine, oral (depressive residual symptoms): Miura T, Noma H, Furukawa TA, Mitsuyasu H, Tanaka S, Stockton S, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological treatments in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):351-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26360999
Quetiapine, oral (depressive residual symptoms): Lindstrom L, Lindstrom E, Nilsson M, Hoistad M. Maintenance therapy with second generation antipsychotics for bipolar disorder - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders. 2017;213:138-50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28222360
Quetiapine, oral (depressive residual symptoms): Kessing LV, Bauer M, Nolen WA, Severus E, Goodwin GM, Geddes J. Effectiveness of maintenance therapy of lithium vs other mood stabilizers in monotherapy and in combinations: a systematic review of evidence from observational studies. Bipolar Disord. 2018 Feb 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29441712
Quetiapine, oral (dosing for treatment of depression in bipolar disorder): British National Formulary, 78th edition (September 2019-March 2020).

^xxxi Valproic acid – caution in pregnancy: European Medicines Agency - Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee. Assessment report EMA/198940/2018 - valproate exposure in pregnancy, 8 February 2018. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by _CMDh/WC500250221.pdf Valproic acid – caution in pregnancy: Meador K, Reynolds MW, Crean S, Fahrbach K, Probst C. Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Res. 2008 Sep;81(1):1-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565732

^xxxii Valproate, oral (caution in pregnancy/breastfeeding): European Medicines Agency - Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee. Assessmentreport EMA/198940/2018 - valproate exposure in pregnancy, 8 February 2018. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by _CMDh/WC500250221.pdf
Valproate (caution in pregnancy/breastfeeding): Veroniki AA, Rios P, Cogo E, Straus SE, Finkelstein Y, Kealey R, Reynen E, Soobiah C, Thavorn K, Hutton B, Hemmelgarn BR, Yazdi F, D'Souza J, MacDonald H, Tricco AC. Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs for neurological development in children exposed during pregnancy and breast feeding: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017 Jul 20;7(7):e017248. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen2017-017248. PMID: 28729328; PMCID: PMC5642793.

^xxxiii Lithium, oral (risk in pregnancy/breastfeeding): Munk-Olsen T, Liu X, Viktorin A, Brown HK, Di Florio A, D'Onofrio BM, Gomes T, Howard LM, Khalifeh H, Krohn H, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Taylor CL, Van Kamp I, Wesseloo R, Meltzer-Brody S, Vigod SN, Bergink V. Maternal and infant outcomes associated with lithium use in pregnancy: an international collaborative meta-analysis of six cohort studies. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Aug;5(8):644-652. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29929874

^xxxiv Lamotrigine, oral (risk in pregnancy/breastfeeding): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022. Lamotrigine, oral (risk in pregnancy/breastfeeding): Wesseloo R, Liu X, Clark CT, Kushner SA, Munk-Olsen T, Bergink V. Risk of postpartum episodes in women with bipolar disorder after lamotrigine or lithium use during pregnancy: A population-based cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2017 Aug 15;218:394-397. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28501739
Lamotrigine, oral (risk in pregnancy/breastfeeding): Ding Y, Tan X, Zhang S, Guo Y. Pharmacokinetic changes and therapeutic drug monitoring of lamotrigine during pregnancy. Brain Behav. 2019 Jul;9(7):e01315. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31104352

^xxxv Antipsychotics, oral (risk in pregnancy/breastfeeding): Uguz F. Antipsychotic Use During Pregnancy and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 Mar/Apr;39(2):162-167. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30624301
Antipsychotics, oral (risk in pregnancy/breastfeeding): Damkier P, Videbech P. The Safety of Second-Generation Antipsychotics During Pregnancy: A Clinically Focused Review. CNS Drugs. 2018 Apr;32(4):351-366. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29637530
Antipsychotics, oral (risk in pregnancy/breastfeeding): Beex-Oosterhuis MM, Van Gool AR, Heerdink ER, van Kesteren C, van Marum RJ. Clozapine Treatment During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: A Systematic Literature Review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2021 Dec 14;83(1):21r13952. doi: 10.4088/JCP.21r13952. PMID: 34905664.

^xxxvi Benzodiazepines, oral (risk in pregnancy/breastfeeding): National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Antenatal and postnatal mental health: the NICE guideline on clinical management and service guidance. Updated edition. NICE clinical guidance 192. London: NICE; 2014. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192/evidence/fullguideline-pdf-19339686

^xxxvii Bipolar disorder management (predominantly manic symptoms): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Overview of management of bipolar disorders in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Haloperidol, IM (aggressive/ disruptive behaviour in acute mania): Dundar Y, Greenhalgh J, Richardson M, Dwan K. Pharmacological treatment of acute agitation associated with psychotic and bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jul;31(4):268-85. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27151529
Haloperidol, IM (aggressive/ disruptive behaviour in acute mania): Cipriani A, Rendell JM, Geddes JR. Haloperidol alone or in combination for acute mania. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004362. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856043
Risperidone, oral (acute treatment of mania): Butler M, Urosevic S, Desai P, Sponheim SR, Popp J, Nelson VA, et al. Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD) 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532183/
Lithium, oral (acute manic symptoms): Butler M, Urosevic S, Desai P, Sponheim SR, Popp J, Nelson VA, et al. Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD) 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532183/
Lithium, oral (prevention of manic relapse): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Lithium, oral for acute and maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in adults, October 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/
Valproate, oral (acute treatment of mania and prevention of relapse): Bipolar disorder management: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Overview of management of bipolar disorders in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Olanzapine, oral (acute treatment of mania and prevention of relapse): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Olanzapine, oral for treatment and prevention of mania in bipolar disorder in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Olanzapine, oral (acute treatment of mania): Butler M, Urosevic S, Desai P, Sponheim SR, Popp J, Nelson VA, et al.Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD)2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532183/ Olanzapine, oral (prevention of manic relapse): Lindstrom L, Lindstrom E, Nilsson M, Hoistad M. Maintenance therapy with second generation antipsychotics for bipolar disorder - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders. 2017;213:138-50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28222360
Olanzapine, oral (prevention of manic relapse): Miura T, Noma H, Furukawa TA, Mitsuyasu H, Tanaka S, Stockton S, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological treatments in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):351-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26360999
Clozapine, oral (refractory bipolar disorder). National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Clozapine for refractory bipolar disorders in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Clozapine, oral (refractory bipolar disorder): Li XB, Tang YL, Wang CY, de Leon J. Clozapine for treatment-resistant bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord. 2015 May;17(3):235-47. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25346322

^xxxviii Bipolar disorder management (predominantly depressive symptoms): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Overview of management of bipolar disorders in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Lithium, oral (depressive residual symptoms): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Lithium, oral for bipolar disorders in adults, October 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/
Lamotrigine, oral (depressive residual symptoms and prevention of depressive relapse): Bipolar disorder management: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Overview of management of bipolar disorders in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Lamotrigine, oral (depressive residual symptoms and prevention of depressive relapse): Miura T, Noma H, Furukawa TA, Mitsuyasu H, Tanaka S, Stockton S, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological treatments in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):351-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26360999
Quetiapine, oral (acute treatment of depression and prevention of relapse): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Quetiapine, oral for treatment and prevention of depression in bipolar disorder in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Quetiapine, oral (depressive residual symptoms): Butler M, Urosevic S, Desai P, Sponheim SR, Popp J, Nelson VA, et al. Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD) 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532183/
Quetiapine, oral (depressive residual symptoms): Miura T, Noma H, Furukawa TA, Mitsuyasu H, Tanaka S, Stockton S, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological treatments in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):351-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26360999
Quetiapine, oral (depressive residual symptoms): Lindstrom L, Lindstrom E, Nilsson M, Hoistad M. Maintenance therapy with second generation antipsychotics for bipolar disorder - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders. 2017;213:138-50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28222360
Quetiapine, oral (depressive residual symptoms): Kessing LV, Bauer M, Nolen WA, Severus E, Goodwin GM, Geddes J. Effectiveness of maintenance therapy of lithium vs other mood stabilizers in monotherapy and in combinations: a systematic review of evidence from observational studies. Bipolar Disord. 2018 Feb 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29441712
Clozapine, oral (refractory bipolar disorder). National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Clozapine for refractory bipolar disorders in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Clozapine, oral (refractory bipolar disorder): Li XB, Tang YL, Wang CY, de Leon J. Clozapine for treatment-resistant bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord. 2015 May;17(3):235-47. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25346322

^xxxix Clonazepam – acute stress disorder: Mellman TA, Byers PM, Augenstein JS. Pilot evaluation of hypnotic medication during acute traumatic stress response. J Trauma Stress. 1998 Jul;11(3):563-9.
Clonazepam – acute stress disorder: Tol WA, Barbui C, van Ommeren M. Management of acute stress, PTSD, and bereavement: WHO recommendations. JAMA. 2013 Aug 7;310(5):477-8.

^xl Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors – post-traumatic stress disorder: Mellman TA, Byers PM, Augenstein JS. Pilot evaluation of hypnotic medication during acute traumatic stress response. J Trauma Stress. 1998 Jul;11(3):563 -9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9690193
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors – post-traumatic stress disorder: Tol WA, Barbui C, van Ommeren M. Management of acute stress, PTSD, and bereavement: WHO recommendations. JAMA. 2013 Aug 7;310(5):477-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23925613

^xli Pregnancy and breast feeding: Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A. Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2018 Jan 1;225:18-31. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045. Epub 2017 Jul 27. PMID: 28777972.
Pregnancy and breast feeding: Laifer LM, O'Hara MW, DiLillo D, Brock RL. Risk for trauma-related distress following difficult childbirth: Trajectories of traumatic intrusions across 2 years postpartum. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2023 Apr;26(2):191-200. doi: 10.1007/s00737-023-01296-2. Epub 2023 Jan 31. PMID: 36719513; PMCID: PMC10083078. Pregnancy and breast feeding: Dozio E, Feldman M, Bizouerne C, Drain E, Laroche Joubert M, Mansouri M, Moro MR, Ouss L. The Transgenerational Transmission of Trauma: The Effects of Maternal PTSD in Mother-Infant Interactions. Front Psychiatry. 2020 Nov 30;11:480690. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.480690. PMID: 33329072; PMCID: PMC7733963.
Pregnancy and breast feeding: Cirino NH, Knapp JM. Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2019 Jun;74(6):369-376. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000680. PMID: 31216046.

^xlii Acute psychosis (prognosis): Fusar-Poli P, Cappucciati M, Bonoldi I, Hui LM, Rutigliano G, Stahl DR, Borgwardt S, Politi P, Mishara AL, Lawrie SM, Carpenter WT Jr, McGuire PK. Prognosis of Brief Psychotic Episodes: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Mar;73(3):211-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26764163

^xliii Tardive dyskinesia (high risk factors): Correll CU, Kane JM, Citrome LL. Epidemiology, Prevention, and Assessment of Tardive Dyskinesia and Advances in Treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 Sep/Oct;78(8):1136-1147. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29022654

^xliv Haloperidol, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022. xlv Flupenthixol decanoate, IM: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^xlv Flupenthixol decanoate, IM: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition.  Division of Clinical Pharmacology.  University of Cape Town. 2022. 

^xlvi Zuclopenthixol decanoate, IM: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^xlvii Risperidone, oral: Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009 Jan 3;373(9657):31-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19058842
Risperidone, oral: Crespo-Facorro B, Pérez-Iglesias R, Mata I, Ramirez-Bonilla M, Martínez-Garcia O, Pardo-Garcia G, Caseiro O, Pelayo-Terán JM, Vázquez-Barquero JL. Effectiveness of haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine in the treatment of first-episode non-affective psychosis: results of a randomized, flexible-dose, open-label 1-year follow-up comparison. J Psychopharmacol.2011 Jun;25(6):744-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292922

^xlviii Chlorpromazine, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2012.

^xlix Olanzapine, oral: Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, Samara M, Barbui C, Engel RR, Geddes JR, Kissling W, Stapf MP, Lässig B, Salanti G, Davis JM. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013 Sep 14;382(9896):951-62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810019
Olanzapine, oral: Krause M, Zhu Y, Huhn M, Schneider-Thoma J, Bighelli I, Nikolakopoulou A, Leucht S. Antipsychotic drugs for patients with schizophrenia and predominant or prominent negative symptoms: a systematic review and meta - analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018 Oct;268(7):625-639. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29368205
Olanzapine, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Olanzapine, oral for schizophrenia and related disorders, June 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

^l Orphenadrine, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^li Clozapine, oral (caution): FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA modifies monitoring for neutropenia associated with schizophrenia medicine clozapine, 2015. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safetycommunication-fda-modifies-monitoring-neutropenia-associated-schizophrenia-medicine
Clozapine, oral (caution): Taylor, David; Paton, Carol; Kapur, Shitij. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, Twelfth Edition. London: CRC Press; 2015. Clozapine, oral (caution): South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^lii Clozapine, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^liii Amisulpiride, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Tertiary and Quaternary EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

^liv Amisulpiride, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Tertiary and Quaternary EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

^lv Propanolol, oral: Poyurovsky M, Pashinian A, Weizman R, Fuchs C, Weizman A. Low-dose mirtazapine: a new option in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced akathisia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and propranolol-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59: 1071– 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /16497273

^lvi Oxazepam:Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Friesen C, Bialy L, Tubman M, Ospina M, Klassen TP, Witmans M. The efficacy and safety of drug treatments for chronic insomnia in adults: a meta-analysis of RCTs. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 Sep;22(9):1335-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17619935
Oxazepam, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^lvii Tool for screening for substance use disorders WHO Assist tool. https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/assist_v3_english.pdf?ua=1

^lviii Tool for brief intervention for substance use disorders: ASSIST https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44321/9789241599399_eng.pdf;jsessionid=BE4E60013BFEDCFFBDFF4 B1DE1DE097A?sequence=1

^lix Needle and syringe programme: https://tbhivcare.org/

^lx Needle and syringe programme: https://www.anovahealth.co.za/clinical-interest-areas/prevention/harm-reduction/

^lxi Needle and syringe programme: https://www.facebook.com/pages/COSUP-Community-Oriented-Substance-UseProgramme/480035362389140

^lxii Thiamine, oral: Day E, Bentham PW, Callaghan R, Kuruvilla T, George S. Thiamine for prevention and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome in people who abuse alcohol. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 1;7:CD004033. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23818100
Thiamine: Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peters L, Nutt DJ; British Association for Psychopharmacology, Expert Reviewers Group. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jul;26(7):899- 952. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628390

^lxiii Diazepam, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.

^lxiv Benzodiazepines, parenteral: Gillies D, Sampson S, Beck A, Rathbone J. Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;4:CD003079. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633309

^lxv Benzodiazepines: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking (high-risk drinking) and alcohol dependence. NICE clinical guidance 115. London: NICE; 2011. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg115.

^lxvi Haloperidol: Taylor, David; Paton, Carol; Kapur, Shitij. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, Twelfth Edition. London: CRC Press; 2015.

^lxvii Objective opioid withdrawal scale (OOWS) rating scale: Handelsman L, Cochrane KJ, Aronson MJ, Ness R, Rubinstein KJ, Kanof PD. Two new rating scales for opiate withdrawal. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1987;13(3):293 -308. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3687892

^lxviii Paracetamol, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.

^lxix NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. NSAIDs – comparative review of efficacy and safety, 15 January2018. http://www.health.gov.za
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Van Walsem A, Pandhi S, Nixon RM, Guyot P, Karabis A, Moore RA. Relative benefit-risk comparing diclofenac to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2015;17:66. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879879
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Nissen SE, Yeomans ND, Solomon DH, Lüscher TF, et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis. N Engl J Med 2016;375:2519 -29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28379793
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Coxib and traditional NSAID Trialists’ (CNT) Collaboration. Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2013; 382: 769–79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23726390
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:c7086. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224324
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Ong CKS, Lirk P, Tan Ch, Seymour RA. An evidence-based update on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clinical Medicine and Research 2007; 5(1):19-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17456832
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Stam WB, Jansen JP, Taylor SD. Efficacy of etoricoxib, lumiracoxib, non-selective NSAIDs, and acetaminophen in osteoarthritis: a mixed treatment comparison. The Open Rheumatology Journal 2012; 6:6-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582102
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): Bello AE, Holt RJ. Cardiovascular risk with non - steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: clinical implications. Drug Saf. 2014 Nov;37(11):897-902. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25079141
NSAIDs as a therapeutic class (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.

^lxx Methadone, oral: National Department of Health. National Policy guidelines on detoxification of psychoactive substances. http://www.health.gov.za/
Methadone, oral: Weich L, Nowbath H, Flegar S, Mahomedy Z, Ramjee H, Hitzeroth V, et al. South African guidelines for the management of opioid dependence. Updated 2013. Pretoria: South African Addiction Medicine Society; 2013. https://www.saams.co.za/Content/Documents/South_African_Guidelines_for_the_Management_of_Opioid_use_disorders _2015.pdf

^lxxi Tramadol, oral: Chattopadhyay S, Singh OP, Bhattacharyya A, Sen S, Roy P, Debnath S. Tramadol versus clonidine in management of heroin withdrawl. Asian J Psychiatr. 2010 Dec;3(4):237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23050896
Tramadol, oral: Lofwall MR, Babalonis S, Nuzzo PA, Siegel A, Campbell C, Walsh SL. Efficacy of extended-release tramadol for treatment of prescription opioid withdrawal: a two-phase randomized controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Nov 1;133(1):188-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23755929
Tramadol, oral: Lofwall MR, Walsh SL, Bigelow GE, Strain EC. Modest opioid withdrawal suppression efficacy of oral tramadol in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007 Oct;194(3):381-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17605004

^lxxii Benzodiazepine detoxification (non-pharmacological measures): Darker CD, Sweeney BP, Barry JM, Farrell MF, Donnelly-Swift E. Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD009652. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26106751

^lxxiii Approximate equivalent doses of diazepam, oral 5mg: British National Formulary, 78th edition (September 2019 -March 2020).
Approximate equivalent doses of diazepam, oral 5mg: Taylor, David; Paton, Carol; Kapur, Shitij. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, Twelfth Edition. London: CRC Press; 2015.
Approximate equivalent doses of diazepam, oral 5mg: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022.

^lxxiv Benzodiazepine detoxification: Taylor, David; Paton, Carol; Kapur, Shitij. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, Twelfth Edition. London: CRC Press; 2015. Benzodiazepine detoxification: Baandrup L, Ebdrup BH, Rasmussen JØ, Lindschou J, Gluud C, Glenthøj BY. Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 15;3:CD011481. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29543325

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Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults_Chapter 15: Mental Health Conditions and Substance Misuse_NEMLC Recommendations for Medicine Amendments 2020-2023