References - Obstetrics and Gynaecology

References

^1. Misoprostol (medical abortion): NICE. Guideline: Abortion Care, 25 September 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng140
Misoprostol (medical abortion): WHO. Guideline: Medical management of abortion, 2018. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/medical-management-abortion/en/

^2. Morphine, IM (Incomplete 1st trimester miscarriage): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, updated edition. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^3. Medical abortion (follow-up pregnancy test): NICE. Guideline: Abortion Care, 25 September 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng140
Medical abortion (follow-up pregnancy test): Barnhart K, Sammel MD, Chung K, Zhou L, Hummel AC, Guo W. Decline of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and spontaneous complete abortion: defining the normal curve. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Nov;104(5 Pt 1):975–81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15516387/

^4. Mifepristone (Medical TOP): Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Guidelines. The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion (Evidence-based Clinical Guideline No. 7), 2011. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/the-care-of-women-requesting-induced-abortion/
Mifepristone (Medical TOP): WHO. Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems, 2014. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/en/
Mifepristone (Medical TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, updated version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Mifepristone (Medical TOP): Republic of South Africa. Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act Amendment 1 of 2008. http://www.gov.za/documents/choice-termination-pregnancy-amendment-act
Mifepristone (Medical TOP): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Health Care. Medicine Review: Can TOPs be accomplished safely and effectively without ultrasound, July 2016. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^5. Misoprostol (Medical TOP): Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Guidelines. The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion (Evidence-based Clinical Guideline No. 7), 2011. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/the-care-of-women-requesting-induced-abortion/
Misoprostol (Medical TOP): WHO. Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems, 2014. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/en/
Misoprostol (Medical TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, updated version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Misoprostol (Medical TOP): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Health Care. Medicine Review: Can TOPs be accomplished safely and effectively without ultrasound, July 2016. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^6. Misoprostol, oral/PV (TOP - Up to 12 weeks and 0 days): World Health Organisation. Medical management of abortion, 2018. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/medical-management-abortion/en/

^7. Paracetamol, oral (Medical TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, updated version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^8. Ibuprofen, oral (Medical TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, updated version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^9. Misoprostol (MVA TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, updated version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^10. Morphine, IM (MVA TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, updated version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^11. Paracetamol, oral (MVA TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, updated version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^12. Ibuprofen, oral (MVA TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, updated version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^13. Contraception (TOP): WHO. Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems, 2012. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/9789241548434/en/

^14. Folic acid, oral: De-Regil LM, Peña-Rosas JP, Fernández-Gaxiola AC, Rayco-Solon P. Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 14;(12):CD007950. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26662928
Folic acid, oral: Atta CA, Fiest KM, Frolkis AD, Jette N, Pringsheim T, St Germaine-Smith C, Rajapakse T, Kaplan GG, Metcalfe A. Global Birth Prevalence of Spina Bifida by Folic Acid Fortification Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Public Health. 2016 Jan;106(1):e24-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26562127
Folic acid, oral: Viswanathan M, Treiman KA, Kish-Doto J, Middleton JC, Coker-SchwimmerEJ, Nicholson WK. Folic Acid Supplementation for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: An Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2017 Jan 10;317(2):190-203. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28097361
Folic acid, oral: RCOG. Nutrition in Pregnancy: Scientific Impact Paper No. 18. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines
Folic acid, oral: ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins. ACOG practice bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Number 44, July 2003. (Replaces Committee Opinion Number 252, March 2001) Obstet. Gynecol. 2003;102(1):203–213. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850637
Folic acid, oral: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009 May 5;150(9):626-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414842
Folic acid, oral: Wilson RD, et al. Pre-conception Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Neural Tube Defects and Other Folic Acid-Sensitive Congenital Anomalies. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2015 Jun;37(6):534-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26334606

^15. Valproic acid – caution in pregnancy: European Medicines Agency - Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee. Assessment report EMA/198940/2018 - valproate exposure in pregnancy, 8 February 2018. https://www.sahpra.org.za/6_28_valproate_annual_risk_acknowledgement_form_dec18_v1/
Valproic acid – caution in pregnancy: Meador K, Reynolds MW, Crean S, Fahrbach K, Probst C. Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Res. 2008 Sep;81(1):1-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565732

^16. Ferrous (Iron) supplements, oral - intermittent dosing: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care level. Medicine Review: Intermittent iron supplementation in pregnancy, 6 November 2017. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Ferrous (Iron) supplements, oral - intermittent dosing: Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Gomez Malave H, Flores-Urrutia MC, Dowswell T. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 19;(10):CD009997. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26482110

^17. Calcium: Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah ÁN, Torloni MR. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 1;10(10):CD001059. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30277579/
Calcium: WHO. WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, 2011. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/9789241548335/en/

^18. Aspirin: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Health Care. Medicine Review: Initiation of aspirin at primary health care (PHC) level for reducing the risk of early onset pre-eclampsia in pregnant women with risk factors, May 2024. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^19. Methyldopa, oral (iron interaction): Campbell NR, Campbell RR, Hasinoff BB. Ferrous sulfate reduces methyldopa absorption: methyldopa: iron complex formation as a likely mechanism. Clin Invest Med. 1990 Dec;13(6):329-32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2078911/
Methyldopa, oral (dosing): Wright JM, Orozco-Gonzalez M, Polak G, Dollery CT. Duration of effect of single daily dose methyldopa therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982 Jun;13(6):847-54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7093115

^20. Methyldopa, oral (drug interaction with iron): Campbell N, Paddock V, and Sundaram R. Alteration of Methyldopa Absorption, Metabolism, and Blood Pressure Control Caused by Ferrous Sulphate and Ferrous Gluconate. ClinPharmacolTher, 1988, 43:381-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3356082

^21. Magnesium sulfate, IV/IM (severe cases of preclampsia): Magee LA, et al. The Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: The 2021 ISSHP Classification, Diagnosis & Management Recommendations. Pregnancy Hypertension (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2021.09.008
Magnesium sulfate, IV/IM (severe cases of eclampsia): Which anticonvulsant for women with eclampsia? Evidence from the Collaborative Eclampsia Trial. Lancet. 1995 Jun 10;345(8963):1455-63. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7769899/
Magnesium sulfate, IV/IM (severe cases of eclampsia): Altman D, et al. Do women with pre-eclampsia benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial. Lancet. 2002 Jun 1;359(9321):1877-90. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12057549/

^22. Nifedipine, oral: Magee LA, et al. The Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: The 2021 ISSHP Classification, Diagnosis & Management Recommendations. Pregnancy Hypertension (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2021.09.008
Nifedipine, oral: Sridharan K, Sequeira RP. Drugs for treating severe hypertension in pregnancy: a network meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Sep;84(9):1906-1916. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29974489/

^23. Calcium gluconate 10%, IV: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STG, updated version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^24. Magnesium sulfate, IV: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STG, updated version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^25. Nifedipine, oral: Magee LA, et al. The Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: The 2021 ISSHP Classification, Diagnosis & Management Recommendations. Pregnancy Hypertension (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2021.09.008

^26. Ferrous (Iron) supplements: Reveiz L, Gyte GM, Cuervo LG, Casasbuenas A. Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD003094. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975735

^27. Lidocaine 1% without adrenaline (epinephrine) - diluent: Kingston M, et al. UK national guidelines on the management of syphilis 2015. Int J STD AIDS. 2016 May;27(6):421-46. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26721608

^28. Listeriosis: National Institute of Communicable Diseases. Listeriosis: Clinical recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, 5 December 2017. http://www.nicd.ac.za/

^29. High-risk cases for preterm delivery: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, updated version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^30. <36 weeks PTL (no tocolysis): Department of Health, Republic of South Africa. 2015. Guidelines for Maternity care in South Africa, 5th edition. http://www.health.gov.za/

^31. Betamethasone, IM: McGoldrick E, Stewart F, Parker R, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 25;12(12):CD004454. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33368142/
Betamethasone, IM: FIGO Working Group on Good Clinical Practice in Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Good clinical practice advice: Antenatal corticosteroids. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019 Mar;144(3):352-355. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30710360/

^32. Betamethasone, IM: McGoldrick E, et al. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 25;12(12):CD004454. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33368142/
Betamethasone, IM: FIGO Working Group. Good clinical practice advice: Antenatal corticosteroids. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019 Mar;144(3):352-355. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30710360/

^33. Antibiotic therapy (PROM): Kenyon S, Boulvain M, Neilson JP. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 2;(12):CD001058. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24297389/
Antibiotic therapy (PROM): Verani JR, et al. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease-revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Nov 19;59(RR-10):1-36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21088663/
Antibiotic therapy (PROM): ACOG. Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 217. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Mar;135(3):e80-e97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32080050/
Antibiotic therapy (PROM): Navathe R, et al. Azithromycin vs erythromycin for the management of preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Aug;221(2):144.e1-144.e8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30904320/

^34. Antibiotic therapy (pre-referral dose with urgent referral: prolonged PROM): Saccone G, Berghella V. Antibiotic prophylaxis for term or near-term premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 May;212(5):627.e1-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25555659/

^35. Morphine, IM (intrapartum care): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.

^36. Dextrose, 10%, IV: National Department of Health: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Guidelines, 2019. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/e-library
Dextrose, 10%, IV: National Department of Health: Guidelines for the care of all newborns in District Hospitals, March 2014. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/e-library

^37. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin, neonatal transmission: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2023 draft version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^38. Hepatitis B vaccine, neonatal transmission: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2023 draft version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

^39. Oxytocin, IV: Hofmeyr GJ, et al. Misoprostol to prevent and treat postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2009 Sep;87(9):666-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19784446
Oxytocin IV: Gülmezoglu AM, et al. WHO multicentre randomised trial of misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour. Lancet. 2001 Sep 1;358(9283):689-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11551574

^40. Tranexamic Acid, IV: Gallos I, et al. Randomized Trial of Early Detection and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023 May 9;0(0):null.

^41. Misoprostol: Widmer M, et al. Misoprostol as an adjunct to standard uterotonics for treatment of PPH: a multicentre trial. Lancet. 2010 May 22;375(9728):1808-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20494730
Misoprostol: World Health Organisation. WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage, 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75411/1/9789241548502_eng.pdf

^42. Fluconazole, oral (pregnancy): Mølgaard-Nielsen D, et al. Use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 29;369(9):830-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23984730
Fluconazole, oral (pregnancy): Mølgaard-Nielsen D, et al. Association Between Use of Oral Fluconazole During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion. JAMA. 2016 Jan 5;315(1):58-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26746458
Fluconazole, oral (pregnancy): Govender NP, et al. Guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis: 2013 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2013;14(2):76-86. http://www.sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/82/128

^43. Fluconazole, oral (breastfeeding): South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition, 2022.
Fluconazole, oral (breastfeeding): Govender NP, et al. Guideline for management of cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected persons: 2013 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2013;14(2):76-86. http://www.sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/82/128

^44. Dolutegravir (WOCP & pregnancy): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC/Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review, June 2021. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list
Dolutegravir (WOCP & pregnancy): South African NDoH. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV. April 2023.

^45. Abacavir: WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Abacavir: NDoH: National Consolidated Guidelines for the Management of HIV, June 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/national-consolidated-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-adolescents-children-and-infants

^46. Second line (NNRTI-failure) and HbsAg positive: WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Second line (NNRTI-failure) and HbsAg positive: NDoH: National Consolidated Guidelines for the Management of HIV, June 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/national-consolidated-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-adolescents-children-and-infants

^47. ART in pregnancy (Previous PMTCT or loss to follow-up): WHO. Consolidated guidelines, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
ART in pregnancy (Previous PMTCT or loss to follow-up): NDoH: National Consolidated Guidelines, June 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/national-consolidated-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-adolescents-children-and-infants

^48. Abacavir: WHO. Consolidated guidelines, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
Abacavir: NDoH: National Consolidated Guidelines, June 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/national-consolidated-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-adolescents-children-and-infants

^49. ART in pregnancy: WHO. Consolidated guidelines, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
ART in pregnancy: NDoH: National Consolidated Guidelines, June 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/national-consolidated-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-adolescents-children-and-infants

^50. VL monitoring in pregnancy: WHO. Consolidated guidelines, July 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593
VL monitoring in pregnancy: NDoH: National Consolidated Guidelines, June 2020. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/national-consolidated-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-adolescents-children-and-infants
VL monitoring in pregnancy: Wessels J, et al. The updated South African National Guideline for PMTCT (2019). S Afr J HIV Med. 2020 Jul 8;21(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1079

^51. Antenatal care (actively support labour companionship): Bohren MA, et al. Continuous support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 6;7(7):CD003766. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28681500/

^52. Breastfeeding practices (impacted by maternal health): Coo S, et al. The Role of Perinatal Anxiety and Depression in Breastfeeding Practices. Breastfeed Med. 2020 Aug;15(8):495-500. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32522015/

^53. Ferrous sulfate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition, 2022.
Ferrous sulfate, oral: Reveiz L, et al. Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD003094. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975735
Ferrous sulfate, oral: Rimon E, et al. Low-dose iron therapy is effective in octogenarians. Am J Med. 2005 Oct;118(10):1142-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16194646
Ferrous fumarate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition, 2022.

^54. Hormone therapy (HT): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, updated version. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/content/standard-treatment-guidelines-and-essential-medicines-list

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Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare Level, NEMLC Report_2020_3 Review_Updated October 2023 Chapter 6: Obstetrics & Gynaecology: References - Obstetrics and Gynaecology

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Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2025-9_Version 1.0_26 March 2026

Chapter 6: Obstetrics and Gynaecology_References