References

CHAPTER 1

1. Lidocaine: National Department of Health. Government Gazette: No. 36827: Medicines and related substances Act, 1965; Schedules (Regulation 674), 13 September 2013. http://www.sabinetlaw.co.za/health
Lidocaine with epinephrine (adrenaline): National Department of Health. Government Gazette: No. 36827: Medicines and related substances Act, 1965; Schedules (Regulation 674), 13 September 2013. http://www.sabinetlaw.co.za/health

2. Antiviral therapy, oral (herpes simplex): Le Cleach L, Trinquart L, Do G, Maruani A, Lebrun-Vignes B, Ravaud P, Chosidow O. Oral antiviral therapy for prevention of genital herpes outbreaks in immunocompetent and nonpregnant patients. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 3;(8): CD009036. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086573
Antiviral therapy, oral (herpes simplex): Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Jun 5;64(RR-03):1-137. Erratum in: MMWR RecommRep. 2015 Aug 28;64(33):924. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815

CHAPTER 2

3. Ciprofloxacin, oral (children - extended course for cholera): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Ciprofloxacin, oral (adults - extended course for cholera): Communicable Diseases Communiqué, January 2020, Vol. 19 (1). http://www.nicd.ac.za/

4. Ciprofloxacin, oral (extended course for cholera): National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Data on file, 2020
Ciprofloxacin, oral (extended course for cholera): Communicable Diseases Communiqué, January 2020, Vol. 19 (1). http://www.nicd.ac.za/

5. Albendazole, oral: Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Du ZW, Jiang JY, Chen JX, Hattendorf J, Zhou H, Zhou XN. Efficacy of single-dose and triple-dose albendazole and mebendazole against soil-transmitted helminths and Taenia spp.: a randomized controlled trial. PLoSOne. 2011;6(9):e25003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980373
Albendazole, oral: Mabaso ML, Appleton CC, Hughes JC, Gouws E. Hookworm (Necator americanus) transmission in inland areas of sandy soils in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2004 Apr;9(4):471-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078265
Albendazole, oral: Montresor A, Awasthi S, Crompton DW. Use of benzimidazoles in children younger than 24 months for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Acta Trop. 2003 May;86(2-3):223-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12745139
Albendazole, oral: American Academy of Pediatrics. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2012Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012:241. https://redbook.solutions.aap.org/DocumentLibrary/RB12_interior.pdf
Albendazole, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC. Medicine Review: Benzimidazoles for soil transmitted helminths, 31 Jan 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

CHAPTER 3

6. Albendazole, oral: Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Du ZW, Jiang JY, Chen JX, Hattendorf J, Zhou H, Zhou XN. Efficacy of single-dose and triple-dose albendazole and mebendazole against soil-transmitted helminths and Taenia spp.: a randomized controlled trial. PLoSOne. 2011;6(9):e25003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980373
Albendazole, oral: Mabaso ML, Appleton CC, Hughes JC, Gouws E. Hookworm (Necator americanus) transmission in inland areas of sandy soils in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trop MedInt Health. 2004 Apr;9(4):471-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078265
Albendazole, oral: Montresor A, Awasthi S, Crompton DW. Use of benzimidazoles in children younger than 24 months for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Acta Trop. 2003 May;86(2-3):223-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12745139
Albendazole, oral: American Academy of Pediatrics. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012:241. https://redbook.solutions.aap.org/DocumentLibrary/RB12_interior.pdf
Albendazole, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC. Medicine Review: Benzimidazoles for soil-transmitted helminths, 31 Jan 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

7. Ferrous sulphate/fumarate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
Ferrous sulphate/fumarate, oral: Reveiz L, Gyte GM, Cuervo LG, Casasbuenas A. Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD003094. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975735
Ferrous sulphate/fumarate, oral : Rimon E, Kagansky N, Kagansky M, Mechnick L, Mashiah T, Namir M, Levy S. Are we giving too much iron? Low-dose iron therapy is effective in octogenarians. Am J Med. 2005 Oct;118(10):1142-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16194646
Ferrous sulphate/fumarate, oral (duration of therapy): Alleyne M, Horne MK, Miller JL. Individualized treatment for iron-deficiency anemia in adults. Am J Med. 2008 Nov;121(11):943-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18954837

8. Intermittent iron supplementation: Moretti D, Goede JS, Zeder C, et al. Oral iron supplements increase hepcidin and decrease iron absorption from daily or twice-daily doses in iron-depleted young women. Blood. 2015 Oct 22;126(17):1981-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26289639
Intermittent iron supplementation: Stoffel NU, Cercamondi CI, Brittenham G, et al. Iron absorption from oral iron supplements given on consecutive versus alternate days and as single morning doses versus twice-daily split dosing in iron-depleted women: two open-label, randomised controlled trials. Lancet Haematol. 2017 Nov;4(11):e524-e533. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29032957
Intermittent iron supplementation: Pena-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Gomez Malave H, Flores-Urrutia MC, Dowswell T. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2015(10):CD009997. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26482110
Intermittent iron supplementation: Rimon E, Kagansky N, Kagansky M, Mechnick L, Mashiah T, Namir M, Levy S. Are we giving too much iron? Low-dose iron therapy is effective in octogenarians. Am J Med. 2005 Oct;118(10):1142-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16194646
Intermittent iron supplementation: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

9. Iron treatment – causes for failure to respond: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za

10. Iron prophylaxis - preterm infants: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft format).
Iron prophylaxis - preterm infants: Baker RD, Greer FR; Committee on Nutrition American Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics. 2010 Nov;126(5):1040-50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20923825
Iron prophylaxis - preterm infants: National Department of Health: Newborn care charts, 2014. http://www.health.gov.za/

11. Iron preparations: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft format).
Iron preparations: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

12. Albendazole, oral: Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Du ZW, Jiang JY, Chen JX, Hattendorf J, Zhou H, Zhou XN. Efficacy of single-dose and triple-dose albendazole and mebendazole against soil-transmitted helminths and Taenia spp.: a randomized controlled trial. PLoSOne. 2011;6(9):e25003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980373
Albendazole, oral: Mabaso ML, Appleton CC, Hughes JC, Gouws E. Hookworm (Necatoramericanus) transmission in inland areas of sandy soils in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trop MedInt Health. 2004 Apr;9(4):471-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078265
Albendazole, oral: Montresor A, Awasthi S, Crompton DW. Use of benzimidazoles in children younger than 24 months for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Acta Trop. 2003 May;86(2-3):223-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12745139
Albendazole, oral: American Academy of Pediatrics. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012:241. https://redbook.solutions.aap.org/DocumentLibrary/RB12_interior.pdf
Albendazole, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC. Medicine Review: Benzimidazoles for soiltransmitted helminths, 31 Jan 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

13. Vitamin A, oral (MAM): National Department of Health. Integrated management of children with acute malnutrition in South Africa: Operational Guidelines, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

14. Multivitamin, oral (MAM): National Department of Health. Integrated management of children with acute malnutrition in South Africa: Operational Guidelines, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

15. Mebendazole, oral (MAM): National Department of Health. Integrated management of children with acute malnutrition in South Africa: Operational Guidelines, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

16. Albendazole, oral: Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Du ZW, Jiang JY, Chen JX, Hattendorf J, Zhou H, Zhou XN. Efficacy of single-dose and triple-dose albendazole and mebendazole against soil-transmitted helminths and Taenia spp.: a randomized controlled trial. PLoSOne. 2011;6(9):e25003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980373
Albendazole, oral: Mabaso ML, Appleton CC, Hughes JC, Gouws E. Hookworm (Necatoramericanus) transmission in inland areas of sandy soils in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trop MedInt Health. 2004 Apr;9(4):471-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078265
Albendazole, oral: Montresor A, Awasthi S, Crompton DW. Use of benzimidazoles in children younger than 24 months for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Acta Trop. 2003 May;86(2-3):223-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12745139
Albendazole, oral: American Academy of Pediatrics. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012:241. https://redbook.solutions.aap.org/DocumentLibrary/RB12_interior.pdf
Albendazole, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC. Medicine Review: Benzimidazoles for soiltransmitted helminths, 31 Jan 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

17. Supplementary infant feeding (Mothers failing 2nd or 3rd line ART): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft format).

18. Albendazole, oral: Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Du ZW, Jiang JY, Chen JX, Hattendorf J, Zhou H, Zhou XN. Efficacy of single-dose and triple-dose albendazole and mebendazole against soil-transmitted helminths and Taenia spp.: a randomized controlled trial. PLoSOne. 2011;6(9):e25003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980373
Albendazole, oral: Mabaso ML, Appleton CC, Hughes JC, Gouws E. Hookworm (Necatoramericanus) transmission in inland areas of sandy soils in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trop MedInt Health. 2004 Apr;9(4):471-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078265
Albendazole, oral: Montresor A, Awasthi S, Crompton DW. Use of benzimidazoles in children younger than 24 months for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Acta Trop. 2003 May;86(2-3):223-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12745139
Albendazole, oral: American Academy of Pediatrics. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012:241. https://redbook.solutions.aap.org/DocumentLibrary/RB12_interior.pdf
Albendazole, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC. Medicine Review: Benzimidazoles for soil-transmitted helminths, 31 Jan 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

19. Nicotinamide, oral (duration of therapy): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

20. Pyridoxine, oral (children – medicine induced neuropathy): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft format).

CHAPTER 4

21. BMI-based CVD risk assessment: D'Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, Kannel WB. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008 Feb 12;117(6):743-53. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18212285

22. Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. www.health.gov.za/
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Contract circular HP09-2016SD. http://www.health.gov.za/

23. Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Chastain DB, Stover KR, Riche DM. Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2017 Feb 22;8:6-14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29067253
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. www.health.gov.za/
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Contract circular HP09-2016SD. http://www.health.gov.za/
Atorvastatin, oral (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): University of Liverpool. HIV drug interaction database. https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/

24. Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): Nishio S, Watanabe H, Kosuge K, Uchida S, Hayashi H, Ohashi K. Interaction between amlodipine and simvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2005;28(3):223–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16097365
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): Son H, Lee D, Lim LA, Jang SB, Roh H, Park K. Development of a pharmacokinetic interaction model for co-administration of simvastatin and amlodipine. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2014;29(2):120–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965645
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

25. High dose statins (management of adverse drug reactions): NICE: Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Clinical guideline, 18 July 2014. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181

26. Aspirin, oral (stable angina): Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002 Jan 12;324(7329):71-86. Erratum in: BMJ 2002 Jan 19;324(7330):141. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786451

27. Nitrates, short acting: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Isosorbide dinitrate, sublingual (dosing):South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

28. Isosorbide mononitrate, oral: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Isosorbide mononitrate, oral: Thadani U, Lipicky RJ. Short and long-acting oral nitrates for stable angina pectoris. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994 Aug;8(4):611-23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7848896
Isosorbide mononitrate, oral: Parker JO. Eccentric dosing with isosorbide-5-mononitrate in angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Oct 15;72(12):871-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8213541
Isosorbide mononitrate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

29. Organic nitrates (Isosorbide mononitrate and dinitrate, oral): Thadani U, Lipicky RJ. Short and long-acting oral nitrates for stable angina pectoris. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994 Aug;8(4):611-23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7848896
Organic nitrates (Isosorbide mononitrate and dinitrate, oral): Parker JO. Eccentric dosing with isosorbide-5-mononitrate in angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Oct 15;72(12):871-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8213541

30. Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. www.health.gov.za/
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Contract circular HP09-2016SD. http://www.health.gov.za/

31. Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Chastain DB, Stover KR, Riche DM. Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2017 Feb 22;8:6- 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29067253
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. www.health.gov.za/
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Contract circular HP09- 2016SD. http://www.health.gov.za/
Atorvastatin, oral (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): University of Liverpool. HIV drug interaction database. https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/

32. Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): Lexicomp: Drug Interactions database. [Accessed 7 February 2018] Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/drug-interactions

33. High dose statins (management of adverse drug reactions): NICE: Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Clinical guideline, 18 July 2014. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181

34. Oxygen (unstable angina/ NSTEMI): Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, Zamiri N, Almenawer SA, Jaeschke R, Szczeklik W, Schünemann HJ, Neary JD, Alhazzani W. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-1705. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345

35. Aspirin, oral (NSTEMI): Peters RJ, Mehta SR, Fox KA, Zhao F, Lewis BS, Kopecky SL, Diaz R, Commerford PJ, Valentin V, Yusuf S; Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) Trial Investigators. Effects of aspirin dose when used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) study. Circulation. 2003 Oct 7;108(14):1682-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504182

36. Nitrates, short acting: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Isosorbide dinitrate, sublingual (dosing): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

37. Aspirin, oral (NSTEMI): Peters RJ, Mehta SR, Fox KA, Zhao F, Lewis BS, Kopecky SL, Diaz R, Commerford PJ, Valentin V, Yusuf S; Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) Trial Investigators. Effects of aspirin dose when used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) study. Circulation. 2003 Oct 7;108(14):1682-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504182

38. Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. www.health.gov.za/
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Contract circular HP09-2016SD. http://www.health.gov.za/

39. Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Chastain DB, Stover KR, Riche DM. Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2017 Feb 22;8:6- 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29067253
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. www.health.gov.za/
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Contract circular HP09- 2016SD. http://www.health.gov.za/
Atorvastatin, oral (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): University of Liverpool. HIV drug interaction database. https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/

40. Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): Lexicomp: Drug Interactions database. [Accessed 7 February 2018] Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/drug-interactions

41. High dose statins (management of adverse drug reactions): NICE: Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Clinical guideline, 18 July 2014. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181

42. Enalapril (cardiac failure/ LV dysfunction): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

43. Oxygen (AMI/STEMI): Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, Zamiri N, Almenawer SA, Jaeschke R, Szczeklik W, Schünemann HJ, Neary JD, Alhazzani W. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-1705. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345

44. Aspirin, oral (STEMI): Berger JS, Stebbins A, Granger CB, Ohman EM, Armstrong PW, Van de Werf F, White HD, Simes RJ, Harrington RA, Califf RM, Peterson ED. Initial aspirin dose and outcome among ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy. Circulation. 2008 Jan 15;117(2):192-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18086929
Aspirin, oral (STEMI): CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators, Mehta SR, Bassand JP, Chrolavicius S, Diaz R, Eikelboom JW, Fox KA, Granger CB, Jolly S, Joyner CD, Rupprecht HJ, Widimsky P, Afzal R, Pogue J, Yusuf S. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 2;363(10):930-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818903

45. Nitrates, short acting: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Isosorbide dinitrate, sublingual (dosing):South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

46. Thrombolytics (Therapeutic class): Dundar Y, Hill R, Dickson R, Walley T. Comparative efficacy of thrombolytics in acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review. QJM - Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2003;96(2):103-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12589008
Thrombolytics (Therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Thrombolytics, therapeutic class for STEMI, July 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

47. Do not use heparin if streptokinase is given: Jinatongthai P, Kongwatcharapong J, Foo CY, Phrommintikul A, Nathisuwan S, Thakkinstian A, Reid CM, Chaiyakunapruk N. Comparative efficacy and safety of reperfusion therapy with fibrinolytic agents in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2017 Aug 19;390(10096):747-759. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28831992
Do not use heparin if streptokinase is given: Eikelboom JW, Quinlan DJ, Mehta SR, Turpie AG, Menown IB, Yusuf S. Unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin as adjuncts to thrombolysis in aspirin-treated patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials. Circulation. 2005 Dec 20;112(25):3855-67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344381

48. Streptokinase: Squire IB, Lawley W, Fletcher S, Holme E, Hillis WS, Hewitt C, Woods KL. Humoral and cellular immune responses up to 7.5 years after administration of streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1999 Sep;20(17):1245- 52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10454976
Streptokinase: Boersma E, Maas AC, Deckers JW, Simoons ML. Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: reappraisal of the golden hour. Lancet. 1996 Sep 21;348(9030):771-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8813982

49. Aspirin, oral (STEMI): Berger JS, Stebbins A, Granger CB, Ohman EM, Armstrong PW, Van de Werf F, White HD, Simes RJ, Harrington RA, Califf RM, Peterson ED. Initial aspirin dose and outcome among ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy. Circulation. 2008 Jan 15;117(2):192-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18086929
Aspirin, oral (STEMI): CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators, Mehta SR, Bassand JP, Chrolavicius S, Diaz R, Eikelboom JW, Fox KA, Granger CB, Jolly S, Joyner CD, Rupprecht HJ, Widimsky P, Afzal R, Pogue J, Yusuf S. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 2;363(10):930-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818903

50. Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. www.health.gov.za/
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Contract circular HP09-2016SD. http://www.health.gov.za/

51. Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Chastain DB, Stover KR, Riche DM. Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2017 Feb 22;8:6- 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29067253
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. www.health.gov.za/
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608
Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Contract circular HP09- 2016SD. http://www.health.gov.za/
Atorvastatin, oral (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): University of Liverpool. HIV drug interaction database. https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/

52. Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): Lexicomp: Drug Interactions database. [Accessed 7 February 2018] Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/drug-interactions

53. High dose statins (management of adverse drug reactions): NICE: Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Clinical guideline, 18 July 2014. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181

54. Enalapril (cardiac failure/ LV dysfunction): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

55. Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (skin cancer risk): Pedersen SA, Gaist D, Schmidt SAJ, Hölmich LR, Friis S, Pottegård A. Hydrochlorothiazide use and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer: A nationwide case-control study from Denmark. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Apr;78(4):673-681.e9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29217346
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (skin cancer risk): Pottegård A, Hallas J, Olesen M, Svendsen MT, Habel LA, Friedman GD, Friis S. Hydrochlorothiazide use is strongly associated with risk of lip cancer. J Intern Med. 2017 Oct;282(4):322-331. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28480532
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (skin cancer risk): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Updated Notice: Risk of skin cancer associated with hydrochlorothiazide, 6 March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

56. Spironolactone: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.
Spironolactone: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Updated Notice: Risk of skin cancer associated with hydrochlorothiazide, 6 March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

57. Spironolactone: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.
Spironolactone: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Updated Notice: Risk of skin cancer associated with hydrochlorothiazide, 6 March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

58. Lifestyle modification - hypertension: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

59. Antihypertensives – fixed dose combinations: Gupta P, Patel P, Štrauch B, Lai FY, Akbarov A, Marešová V, White CMJ, Petrák O, Gulsin GS, Patel V, Rosa J, Cole R, Zelinka T, Holaj R, Kinnell A, Smith PR, Thompson JR, Squire I, Widimský J Jr, Samani NJ, Williams B, Tomaszewski M. Risk Factors for Nonadherence to Antihypertensive Treatment. Hypertension. 2017 Jun;69(6):1113-1120. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28461599

60. Antihypertensives – dosing at bedtime: : Hermida RC, Crespo JJ, Domínguez-Sardiña M, Otero A, Moyá A, Ríos MT, Sineiro E, Castiñeira MC, Callejas PA, Pousa L, Salgado JL, Durán C, Sánchez JJ, Fernández JR, Mojón A, Ayala DE; Hygia Project Investigators. Bedtime hypertension treatment improves cardiovascular risk reduction: the Hygia Chronotherapy Trial. Eur Heart J. 2019 Oct 22. pii: ehz754. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31641769

61. Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (1st line treatment - hypertension without compelling indications): ALLHAT officers and co-ordinators for the ALLHAT collaborative research group. The antihypertensive and lipid lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). JAMA 2002; 288:2998–3007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12479764
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (1st line treatment - hypertension without compelling indications): de Leeuw PW, Ruilope LM, Palmer CR, Brown MJ, Castaigne A, Mancia G, Rosenthal T, Wagener G. Clinical significance of renal function in hypertensive patients at high risk: results from the INSIGHT trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Dec 13-27;164(22):2459-64. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15596636
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (1st line treatment - hypertension without compelling indications): Black HR, Elliott WJ, Grandits G, Grambsch P, Lucente T, White WB, Neaton JD, Grimm RH Jr, Hansson L, Lacourciere Y, Muller J, Sleight P, Weber MA, Williams G, Wittes J, Zanchetti A, Anders RJ; CONVINCE Research Group. Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points (CONVINCE) trial. JAMA. 2003 Apr 23-30;289(16):2073-82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12709465
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (1st line treatment - hypertension without compelling indications): Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension Journal of Hypertension. 2013, 31:1281–1357. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24107724
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (1st line treatment - hypertension without compelling indications): Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) 2014 Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults, 2014. http://www.aafp.org/patientcare/clinical-recommendations/all/highbloodpressure.html

62. Enalapril, oral (daily dosing): Girvin B, McDermott BJ, Johnston GD. A comparison of enalapril 20 mg once daily versus 10 mg twice daily in terms of blood pressure lowering and patient compliance. J Hypertens. 1999 Nov;17(11):1627-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10608477
Enalapril, oral (daily dosing): Davies RO, Gomez HJ, Irvin JD, Walker JF. An overview of the clinical pharmacology of enalapril. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;18 Suppl 2:215S-229S. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6099737
Enalapril, oral (daily dosing): Contract circular HP09-2016SD. http://www.health.gov.za/ 

63. Spironolactone (hypertension):Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, Webb DJ, Sever P, McInnes G, Ford I, Cruickshank JK, Caulfield MJ, Salsbury J, Mackenzie I, Padmanabhan S, Brown MJ; British Hypertension Society's PATHWAY Studies Group. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet. 2015 Nov 21;386(10008):2059-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26414968

64. Spironolactone: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.
Spironolactone: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Updated Notice: Risk of skin cancer associated with hydrochlorothiazide, 6 March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

65. Suboptimal BP control – treatment inertia: Tiffe T, Wagner M, Rucker V, Morbach C, Gelbrich G, Stork S, Heuschmann PU. Control of cardiovascular risk factors and its determinants in the general population- findings from the STAAB cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017;17:276. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29096615
Suboptimal BP control – treatment inertia: Berry KM, Parker WA, Mchiza ZJ, Sewpaul R, Labadarios D, Rosen S, Stokes A. Quantifying unmet need for hypertension care in South Africa through a care cascade: evidence from the SANHANES, 2011-2012. BMJ Glob Health. 2017 Aug 16;2(3):e000348. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29082013

66. Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (skin cancer risk): Pedersen SA, Gaist D, Schmidt SAJ, Hölmich LR, Friis S, Pottegård A. Hydrochlorothiazide use and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer: A nationwide case-control study from Denmark. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Apr;78(4):673-681.e9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29217346
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (skin cancer risk): Pottegård A, Hallas J, Olesen M, Svendsen MT, Habel LA, Friedman GD, Friis S. Hydrochlorothiazide use is strongly associated with risk of lip cancer. J Intern Med. 2017 Oct;282(4):322-331. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28480532
Hydrochlorothiazide, oral (skin cancer risk): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Updated Notice: Risk of skin cancer associated with hydrochlorothiazide, 6 March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

67. Spironolactone, oral (contra-indications): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

68. ACE-inhibitor (contra-indications – severe renal impairment): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.
ACE-inhibitor (contra-indications – severe renal impairment): National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

69. Amoxicillin, oral (children): Clegg HW, Ryan AG, Dallas SD, Kaplan EL, Johnson DR, Norton HJ, Roddey OF, Martin ES, Swetenburg RL, Koonce EW, Felkner MM, Giftos PM. Treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis with once-daily compared with twice-daily amoxicillin: a noninferiority trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Sep;25(9):761-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16940830
Amoxicillin, oral (children): Lennon DR, Farrell E, Martin DR, Stewart JM. Once-daily amoxicillin versus twice-daily penicillin V in group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. Arch Dis Child. 2008 Jun;93(6):474-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337284

70. Amoxicillin, oral (adults): Brink AJ, Cotton M, Feldman C, Finlayson H, Friedman R, Green R, Hendson W, Hockman M, Maartens G, Madhi S, Reubenson G, Silverbauer E, Zietsman I. Updated recommendations for the management of upper respiratory tract infections in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015 Apr 6;105(5):344-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26242659
Amoxicillin, oral (adults): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care level. Medicine Review: Phenoxymethylpenicillin vs amoxicillin for tonsilitis_pharyngitis, October 2016. http://www.health.gov.za/

71. Azithromycin: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Paediatric Hospital level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

72. Azithromycin, oral: National Department of Health: Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

CHAPTER 5

73. Benzoyl peroxide 5% gel, topical: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

74. Topical retinoids (caution in pregnancy): Kaplan YC, Ozsarfati J, Etwel F, Nickel C, Nulman I, Koren G. Pregnancy outcomes following first-trimester exposure to topical retinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2015 Nov;173(5):1132-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26215715
Topical retinoids (caution in pregnancy): Panchaud A, Csajka C, Merlob P, Schaefer C, Berlin M, De Santis M, Vial T, Ieri A, Malm H, Eleftheriou G, Stahl B, Rousso P, Winterfeld U, Rothuizen LE, Buclin T. Pregnancy outcome following exposure to topical retinoids: a multicenter prospective study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Dec;52(12):1844-51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22174426
Topical retinoids (caution in pregnancy): Browne H, Mason G, Tang T. Retinoids and pregnancy: an update. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2014;16:7–11. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tog.12075/pdf

75. Benzoyl peroxide 5% gel, topical: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

76. Doxycycline, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

77. Dressing: Palfreyman SJ, Nelson EA, Lochiel R, Michaels JA. Dressings for healing venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD001103. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;5:CD001103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16855958

78. Povidone-iodine 5% cream (exudative, infected wounds): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

79. Fluconazole, oral (children): Chen X, Jiang X, Yang M, González U, Lin X, Hua X, Xue S, Zhang M, Bennett C. Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 12;(5):CD004685. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27169520

80. Fluconazole, oral (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Fluconazole, oral (adults): Nozickova M, Koudelkova V, Kulikova Z, Malina L, Urbanowski S, Silny W. A comparison of the efficacy of oral fluconazole, 150 mg/week versus 50 mg/day, in the treatment of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and cutaneous candidosis. Int J Dermatol. 1998 Sep;37(9):703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9762826
Fluconazole, oral (adults): Faergemann J, Mörk NJ, Haglund A, Odegård T. A multicentre (double-blind) comparative study to assess the safety and efficacy of fluconazole and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Br J Dermatol. 1997 Apr;136(4):575-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/91559

81. Selenium sulfide, topical: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

82. Hydrocortisone 0.1%, topical (chronic paronychia): Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Ghetti E, Colombo MD. Topical steroids versus systemic antifungals in the treatment of chronic paronychia: an open, randomized double-blind and double dummy study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002 Jul;47(1):73-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077585

83. Permethrin 5% lotion: Meinking TL, Vicaria M, Eyerdam DH, Villar ME, Reyna S, Suarez G. Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5% malathion) compared to Nix crème rinse (1% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice. PediatrDermatol. 2004 Nov-Dec;21(6):670-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15575855
Permethrin 5% lotion: Frankowski BL, Bocchini Jr. JA and Council on School Health and Committee on Infectious Diseases. Head lice. Pediatrics 2010;126:392-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20660553
Permethrin 5% lotion: Mark Lebwohl, Lily Clark and Jacob Levitt. Therapy for Head Lice Based on Life Cycle, Resistance, and Safety Considerations. Pediatrics 2007;119(5):965-974. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17473098
Permethrin 5% lotion: Nova Scotia District health authority public health services and the department of health promotion and protection. Guidelines for treatment of pediculosis capitis (head lice). August 2008. [Online 2008][Cited 2013] Available at: https://novascotia.ca/dhw/publications/Public-Health-Education/Head_Lice_Guidelines_for_Treatment.pdf
Permethrin 5% lotion: Roberts RJ. Head lice. N Engl J Med 2002;346(21):1645-1650. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12023998
Permethrin 5% lotion: MCC registered package insert for Skabi-rid®. 
Permethrin 5% lotion: Diamantis SA, Morrell DS, Burkhart CN. Treatment of head lice. Dermatologic Therapy 2009;22:273–278. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19580574
Permethrin 5% lotion: Jones KN, English III JC. Review of Common Therapeutic Options in the United States for the Treatment of Pediculosis Capitis.Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003; 36:1355–61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12766828
Permethrin 5% lotion: Madke B, Khopkar U. Pediculosis capitis: An update. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2012;78:429-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22772612
Permethrin 5% lotion: British National Formulary for children 2016-2017. (2016). 1st ed. London: BMJ Group, Pharmaceutical Press and RCPCH Publications Ltd.
84. Benzyl benzoate lotion: Bachewar NP, Thawani VR, Mali SN, Gharpure KJ, Shingade VP, Dakhale GN. Comparison of safety, efficacy, and cost effectiveness of benzyl benzoate, permethrin, and ivermectin in patients of scabies. Indian J Pharmacol. 2009 Feb;41(1):9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20177574
Benzyl benzoate lotion: Strong M, Johnstone P. Interventions for treating scabies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD000320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636630
Benzyl benzoate lotion: Pharmachem. Package insert: Benzyl Benzoate BP emulsion.
85. Permethrin 5% lotion: Strong M, Johnstone P. Interventions for treating scabies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD000320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636630

86. Permethrin 5% lotion: British National Formulary for children 2016-2017. (2016). 1st ed. London: BMJ Group, Pharmaceutical Press and RCPCH Publications Ltd.

87. Potent and very potent corticosteroids, topical: Green C, Colquitt JL, Kirby J, Davidson P, Payne E. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of once-daily versus more frequent use of same potency topical corticosteroids for atopic eczema: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2004 Nov;8(47):iii,iv, 1-120. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15527669

88. Potent and very potent corticosteroids, topical: Green C, Colquitt JL, Kirby J, Davidson P, Payne E. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of once-daily versus more frequent use of same potency topical corticosteroids for atopic eczema: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2004 Nov;8(47):iii,iv, 1-120. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15527669

89. Antiviral therapy, oral (herpes simplex): Le Cleach L, Trinquart L, Do G, Maruani A, Lebrun-Vignes B, Ravaud P, Chosidow O. Oral antiviral therapy for prevention of genital herpes outbreaks in immunocompetent and nonpregnant patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 3;(8):CD009036. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086573
Antiviral therapy, oral (herpes simplex): Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Jun 5;64(RR-03):1-137. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Aug 28;64(33):924. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815

90. Salicylic acid, 15 to 30% topical liquid application: Kwok CS, Gibbs S, Bennett C, Holland R, Abbott R. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;9:CD001781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972052

91. Salicylic acid, 2%, topical: Kwok CS, Gibbs S, Bennett C, Holland R, Abbott R. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;9:CD001781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972052
Salicylic acid, 2%, topical: Dall'oglio F, D'Amico V, Nasca MR, Micali G. Treatment of cutaneous warts: an evidence-based review. Am J ClinDermatol. 2012 Apr 1;13(2):73-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292461
Salicylic acid, 2%, topical: Sterling JC, Handfield-Jones S, Hudson PM; British Association of Dermatologists. Guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts. Br J Dermatol. 2001 Jan;144(1):4-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11167676

92. Salicylic acid, 15 to 30% topical liquid application: Kwok CS, Gibbs S, Bennett C, Holland R, Abbott R. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;9:CD001781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972052

93. Zinc oxide ointment (albinism): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

94. Titanium dioxide ointment/cream (albinism): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

95. Titanium dioxide ointment/cream (vitiligo): Whitton ME, Pinart M, Batchelor J, Leonardi-Bee J, González U, Jiyad Z, Eleftheriadou V, Ezzedine K. Interventions for vitiligo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 24;(2):CD003263. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25710794

96. Zinc and castor oil ointment: Health Quality Ontario. Pressure ulcer prevention: an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2009;9(2):1-104. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074524
Zinc and castor oil ointment: Langemo D, Haesler E, Naylor W, Tippett A, Young T. Evidence-based guidelines for pressure ulcer management at the end of life. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2015 May;21(5):225-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26107544

CHAPTER 6

97. Anti-D immunoglobulin, IM: Karanth L, Jaafar SH, Kanagasabai S, Nair NS, Barua A. Anti-D administration after spontaneous miscarriage for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2013(3): Cd009617. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543581
Anti-D immunoglobulin, IM (dose): NICE Clinical Guideline: 156 - Routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis for women who are rhesus D negative, 2008. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta156/resources/routine-antenatal-antid-prophylaxis-for-women-who-are-rhesus-dnegative-pdf-82598318102725

98. Misoprostol - doses (1st trimester: incomplete miscarriage): Morris JL, Winikoff B, Dabash R, Weeks A, Faundes A, GemzellDanielsson K, Kapp N, Castleman L, Kim C, Ho PC, Visser GHA. FIGO's updated recommendations for misoprostol used alone in gynecology and obstetrics. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2017 Sep;138(3):363-366. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28643396

99. Morphine, IM (Incomplete 1st trimester miscarriage): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

100. Paracetamol, oral (Incomplete 1st trimester miscarriage): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

101. Ibuprofen, oral (Incomplete 1st trimester miscarriage): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

102. Mifepristone (Medical TOP): Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Guidelines. The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion (Evidence-based Clinical Guideline No. 7), 2011. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/the-care-of-women-requesting-induced-abortion
Mifepristone (Medical TOP): WHO. Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems, 2014. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/en/
Mifepristone (Medical TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Mifepristone (Medical TOP): Republic of South Africa. Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act Amendment 1 of 2008. http://www.gov.za/documents/choice-termination-pregnancy-amendment-act
Mifepristone (Medical TOP): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Health Care. Medicine Review: Can TOPs be accomplished safely and effectively without ultrasound, July 2016. http://www.health.gov.za/

103. Misoprostol (Medical TOP): Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Guidelines. The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion (Evidence-based Clinical Guideline No. 7), 2011. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/the-care-of-women-requesting-induced-abortion/
Misoprostol (Medical TOP): WHO. Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems, 2014. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/en/
Misoprostol (Medical TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/ 
Misoprostol (Medical TOP): Republic of South Africa. Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act Amendment 1 of 2008. http://www.gov.za/documents/choice-termination-pregnancy-amendment-act
Misoprostol (Medical TOP): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Health Care. Medicine Review: Can TOPs be accomplished safely and effectively without ultrasound, July 2016. http://www.health.gov.za/

104. Misoprostol, oral/PV (TOP - Up to 12 weeks and 0 days): World Health Organisation. Medical management of abortion, 2018. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/medical-management-abortion/en/

105. Paracetamol, oral (Medical TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

106. Ibuprofen, oral (Medical TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

107. Misoprostol (MVA TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

108. Morphine, IM (MVA TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

109. Paracetamol, oral (MVA TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

110. Ibuprofen, oral (MVA TOP): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

111. Anti-D immunoglobulin, IM (dose): NICE Clinical Guideline: 156 - Routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis for women who are rhesus D negative, 2008. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta156/resources/routine-antenatal-antid-prophylaxis-for-women-who-are-rhesus-dnegative-pdf-82598318102725

112. Contraception (TOP): WHO. Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems, 2012. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/9789241548434/en/

113. Folic acid, oral: De-Regil LM, Peña-Rosas JP, Fernández-Gaxiola AC, Rayco-Solon P. Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 14;(12):CD007950. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26662928
Folic acid, oral: Atta CA, Fiest KM, Frolkis AD, Jette N, Pringsheim T, St Germaine-Smith C, Rajapakse T, Kaplan GG, Metcalfe A. Global Birth Prevalence of Spina Bifida by Folic Acid Fortification Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Public Health. 2016 Jan;106(1):e24-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26562127
Folic acid, oral: Viswanathan M, Treiman KA, Kish-Doto J, Middleton JC, Coker-Schwimmer EJ, Nicholson WK. Folic Acid Supplementation for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: An Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2017 Jan 10;317(2):190-203. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28097361
Folic acid, oral: RCOG. Nutrition in Pregnancy: Scientific Impact Paper No. 18. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines
Folic acid, oral: ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins. ACOG practice bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician gynecologists. Number 44, July 2003. (Replaces Committee Opinion Number 252, March 2001) Obstet. Gynecol. 2003;102(1):203– 213. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850637
Folic acid, oral: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009 May 5;150(9):626-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414842
Folic acid, oral: Wilson RD; Genetics Committee, Wilson RD, Audibert F, Brock JA, Carroll J, Cartier L, Gagnon A, Johnson JA, Langlois S, Murphy-Kaulbeck L, Okun N, Pastuck M; Special Contributors, Deb-Rinker P, Dodds L, Leon JA, Lowel HL, Luo W, MacFarlane A, McMillan R, Moore A, Mundle W, O'Connor D, Ray J, Van den Hof M. Pre-conception Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Neural Tube Defects and Other Folic Acid-Sensitive Congenital Anomalies. J ObstetGynaecol Can. 2015 Jun;37(6):534-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26334606

114. Valproic acid – caution in pregnancy: European Medicines Agency - Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee. Assessment report EMA/198940/2018 - valproate exposure in pregnancy, 8 February 2018. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500250221.pdf
Valproic acid – caution in pregnancy: Meador K, Reynolds MW, Crean S, Fahrbach K, Probst C. Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Res. 2008 Sep;81(1):1- 13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565732

115. Ferrous sulfate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
Ferrous sulfate, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

116. Ferrous (Iron) supplements, oral - intermittent dosing: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care level. Medicine Review: Intermittent iron supplementation in pregnancy, 6 November 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Ferrous (Iron) supplements, oral - intermittent dosing: Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Gomez Malave H, Flores-Urrutia MC, Dowswell T. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 19;(10):CD009997. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26482110
Ferrous sulfate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016. 
Ferrous fumarate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

117. Calcium: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STG, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Calcium: Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah AN, Duley L, Torloni MR. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jun 24;6:CD001059. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24960615
Calcium: WHO. WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, 2011. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/9789241548335/en/

118. Methyldopa, oral (drug interaction with iron): Campbell N, Paddock V, and Sundaram R. Alteration of Methyldopa Absorption, Metabolism, and Blood Pressure Control Caused by Ferrous Sulphate and Ferrous Gluconate. ClinPharmacolTher, 1988, 43:381-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3356082

119. Calcium: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Calcium: Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah AN, Duley L, Torloni MR. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jun 24;6:CD001059. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24960615
Calcium: WHO. WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, 2011. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/9789241548335/en/

120. Nifedipine: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

121. Calcium gluconate 10%, IV: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STG, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

122. Magnesium sulfate, IV: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STG, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

123 Ferrous (Iron) supplements: Reveiz L, Gyte GM, Cuervo LG, Casasbuenas A. Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD003094. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975735
Ferrous sulfate, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Ferrous sulfate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
Ferrous fumarate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

124. Lidocaine 1% without adrenaline (epinephrine) - diluent: Kingston M, French P, Higgins S, McQuillanO, Sukthankar A, Stott C, McBrien B, Tipple C, Turner A, Sullivan AK; Members of the Syphilis guidelines revision group 2015, Radcliffe K, Cousins D, FitzGerald M, Fisher M, Grover D, Higgins S, Kingston M, Rayment M, Sullivan A. UK national guidelines on the management of syphilis 2015.Int J STD AIDS. 2016 May;27(6):421-46. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26721608

125. Listeriosis: National Institute of Communicable Diseases. Listeriosis: Clinical recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, 5 December 2017. http://www.nicd.ac.za/

126. High-risk cases for preterm delivery: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

127. Betamethasone, IM: Roberts D, Dalziel S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004454. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856047
Betamethasone, IM: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.Green-top Guideline No.7: Antenatal corticosteroids to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality. October 2010. Available at: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-researchservices/guidelines/gtg7/

128. Betamethasone, IM: Roberts D, Dalziel S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004454. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856047
Betamethasone, IM: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Green-top Guideline No.7: Antenatal corticosteroids to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality. October 2010. Available at: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-researchservices/guidelines/gtg7/

129. Amoxicillin, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

130. Metronidazole, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

131. Morphine, IM (intrapartum care): South African Medicines Formulary.12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

132. Dextrose, 10%, IV: National Department of Health: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Guidelines, 2014. http://www.health.gov.za/ 
Dextrose, 10%, IV: National Department of Health: Guidelines for the care of all newborns in District Hospitals, Health Centres and Midwife Obstetric Units in South Africa: Neonate care charts, March 2014. http://www.health.gov.za/

133. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin, neonatal transmission: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

134. Hepatitis B vaccine, neonatal transmission: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

135. Oxytocin, IV: Hofmeyr GJ, Gülmezoglu AM, Novikova N, Linder V, Ferreira S, Piaggio G. Misoprostol to prevent and treat postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal deaths and dose-related effects. Bull World Health Organ. 2009 Sep;87(9):666-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19784446
Oxytocin IV: Gülmezoglu AM, Villar J, Ngoc NT, Piaggio G, Carroli G, Adetoro L, Abdel-Aleem H, Cheng L, Hofmeyr G, Lumbiganon P, Unger C, Prendiville W, Pinol A, Elbourne D, El-Refaey H, Schulz K; WHO Collaborative Group To Evaluate Misoprostol in the Management of the Third Stage of Labour. WHO multicentre randomised trial of misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour. Lancet. 2001 Sep 1;358(9283):689-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11551574

136. Misoprostol: Widmer M, Blum J, Hofmeyr GJ, Carroli G, Abdel-Aleem H, Lumbiganon P, Nguyen TN, Wojdyla D, Thinkhamrop J, Singata M, Mignini LE, Abdel-Aleem MA, Tran ST, Winikoff B. Misoprostol as an adjunct to standard uterotonics for treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: a multicentre, double-blind randomised trial. Lancet. 2010 May 22;375(9728):1808-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20494730
Misoprostol: World Health Organisation. WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage, 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75411/1/9789241548502_eng.pdf

137. Fluconazole, oral (pregnancy): Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 29;369(9):830-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23984730
Fluconazole, oral (pregnancy): Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Svanström H, Melbye M, Hviid A, Pasternak B. Association Between Use of Oral Fluconazole During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion and Stillbirth. JAMA. 2016 Jan 5;315(1):58-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26746458
Fluconazole, oral (pregnancy): Govender NP, Meintjes G (Chairpersons), Bicanic T, Dawood H, Harrison TS, Jarvis JN, Karstaedt AS, Maartens G, McCarthy KM, Rabie H, Variava E, Venter WDF(Expert panel members), Boulware DR, Chiller T, Meya DB, Scriven J (Reviewers). Guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected persons: 2013 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2013;14(2):76-86. http://www.sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/82/128

138. Fluconazole, oral (breastfeeding): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
Fluconazole, oral (breastfeeding): Govender NP, Meintjes G (Chairpersons), Bicanic T, Dawood H, Harrison TS, Jarvis JN, Karstaedt AS, Maartens G, McCarthy KM, Rabie H, Variava E, Venter WDF(Expert panel members), Boulware DR, Chiller T, Meya DB, Scriven J (Reviewers). Guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected persons: 2013 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2013;14(2):76-86. http://www.sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/82/128

139. Abacavir: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

140. ART in pregnancy (Previous PMTCT or ART loss to follow-up): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

141. Abacavir: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

142. ART in pregnancy: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/ 
ART in pregnancy: National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelinesmanagement-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

143. VL monitoring in pregnancy: National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelinesmanagement-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants
VL monitoring in pregnancy: Wessels J, Sherman G, Bamford L, et al. The updated South African National Guideline for the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of Communicable Infections (2019). Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine [Internet]. AOSIS; 2020 Jul 8;21(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1079

144. Management of a high VL in pregnancy: National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinicalguidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants
Management of a high VL in pregnancy: Wessels J, Sherman G, Bamford L, et al. The updated South African National Guideline for the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of Communicable Infections (2019). Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine [Internet]. AOSIS; 2020 Jul 8;21(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1079

145. Ferrous sulfate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.Ferrous sulfate, oral: Reveiz L, Gyte GM, Cuervo LG, Casasbuenas A. Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD003094. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975735
Ferrous sulfate, oral : Rimon E, Kagansky N, Kagansky M, Mechnick L, Mashiah T, Namir M, Levy S. Are we giving too much iron? Low-dose iron therapy is effective in octogenarians. Am J Med. 2005 Oct;118(10):1142-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16194646
Ferrous sulfate, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Ferrous fumarate, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

146. Hormone therapy (risk factors)l: Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Chlebowski RT, Howard BV, Thomson CA, Margolis KL, Lewis CE, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Martin LW, Shumaker SA, Espeland MA, Wactawski-Wende J; WHI Investigators. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials. JAMA.2017 Sep 12;318(10):927-938.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28898378
147. Hormone therapy (HT): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

CHAPTER 7

148. Hormonal injectable: progestin-only (menstrual irregularities): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016. 
Hormonal injectable: progestin-only (menstrual irregularities): Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare Clinical Guidance: Problematic Bleeding with Hormonal Contraception Clinical Effectiveness Unit, July 2015. https://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/fsrh-guidelines-and-statements/management-of-srh-issues/problematic-bleeding/
Hormonal injectable: progestin-only (menstrual irregularities): World Health Organisation. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, Fifth edition, 2015. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/MEC-5/en/

149. Copper IUCD insertion: Lopez LM, Bernholc A, Hubacher D, Stuart G, Van Vliet HA. Immediate postpartum insertion of intrauterine device for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 26; (6):CD003036. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26115018

150. Copper IUCD (patient to return): National Contraception and Fertility Planning and Service Delivery Guidelines, 2012. http://www.health.gov.za/

151. Subdermal implant: Scarsi KK, Darin KM, Nakalema S, Back DJ, Byakika-Kibwika P, Else LJ, Penchala SD, Buzibye A, Cohn SE, Merry C, Lamorde M. Unintended Pregnancies Observed With Combined Use of the Levonorgestrel Contraceptive Implant and Efavirenz-based Antiretroviral Therapy: A Three-Arm Pharmacokinetic Evaluation Over 48 Weeks. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Mar 15;62(6):675-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26646680
Subdermal implant: Perry SH, Swamy P, Preidis GA, Mwanyumba A, Motsa N, Sarero HN. Implementing the Jadelle implant for women living with HIV in a resource-limited setting: concerns for drug interactions leading to unintended pregnancies. AIDS. 2014 Mar 13;28(5):791-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401645
Subdermal implant: Vieira CS, Bahamondes MV, de Souza RM, Brito MB, Rocha Prandini TR, Amaral E, Bahamondes L, Duarte G, Quintana SM, Scaranari C, Ferriani RA. Effect of antiretroviral therapy including lopinavir/ritonavir or efavirenz on etonogestrel releasing implant pharmacokinetics in HIV-positive women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014 Aug 1;66(4):378-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24798768
Subdermal implant: World Health Organisation. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use Fifth edition, 2015. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/MEC-5/en/

152. Progestin-only injectables: Draper BH, Morroni C, Hoffman M, Smit J, Beksinska M, Hapgood J, Van der Merwe L. Depot medroxyprogesterone versus norethisteroneoenanthate for long-acting progestogenic contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD005214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856087

153. Progestin-only injectables (postpartum): National Contraception and Fertility Planning and Service Delivery Guidelines, 2012. http://www.health.gov.za/

154. Progestin-only injectables (late injection): National Contraception and Fertility Planning and Service Delivery Guidelines, 2012. http://www.health.gov.za/

155. World Health Organisation. Guidance statement: Hormonal contraceptive eligibility for women at high risk of HIV, 2019. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/contraceptive-eligibility-women-at-high-risk-of-HIV/en/

156. Monophasic-progestin only pills (therapeutic class): van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, Doggen CJ, Rosendaal FR. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ. 2009 Aug 13;339:b2921. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679614
Monophasic-progestin only pills (therapeutic class): Lidegaard Ø, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Skjeldestad FE, Løkkegaard E. Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001-9. BMJ. 2011 Oct 25;343:d6423. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027398

157. Monophasic-progestin/estrogen combination pills (therapeutic class): van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, Doggen CJ, Rosendaal FR. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ. 2009 Aug 13;339:b2921. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679614
Monophasic-progestin/estrogen combination pills (therapeutic class): Lidegaard Ø, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Skjeldestad FE, Løkkegaard E. Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001-9. BMJ. 2011 Oct 25;343:d6423. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027398

158. Triphasic-progestin/estrogen combination pills (therapeutic class): van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, Doggen CJ, Rosendaal FR. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ. 2009 Aug 13;339:b2921. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679614
Triphasic-progestin/estrogen combination pills (therapeutic class): Lidegaard Ø, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Skjeldestad FE, Løkkegaard E. Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001-9. BMJ. 2011 Oct 25;343:d6423. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027398

159. Progestin-only pill (contra-indication: myocardial infarction): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016

160. Combined oral contraceptives (missing pills): National Contraception and Fertility Planning and Service Delivery Guidelines, 2012. http://www.health.gov.za/

161. Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Carten ML, Kiser JJ, Kwara A, Mawhinney S, Cu-Uvin S. Pharmacokinetic interactions between the hormonal emergency contraception, levonorgestrel (Plan B), and Efavirenz. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2012;2012:137192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536010
Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Tittle V, Bull L, Boffito M, Nwokolo N. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions between antiretrovirals and oral contraceptives. ClinPharmacokinet. 2015 Jan;54(1):23-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25331712
Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Jatlaoui TC and Curtis KM. Safety and effectiveness data for emergency contraceptive pills among women with obesity: a systematic review. Contraception 94 (2016) 605–611. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27234874

162. Voluntary sterilisation: World Health Organisation. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use Fifth edition, 2015. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/MEC-5/en/

163. Combined oral contraceptive (containing ethinylestradiol 30-35 mcg) for breakthrough bleeding on progestin-only injectable contraceptives: Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare Clinical Guidance: Problematic Bleeding with Hormonal Contraception Clinical Effectiveness Unit, July 2015. https://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/fsrh-guidelines-and-statements/management-of-srh-issues/problematic-bleeding/

CHAPTER 8

164. Dose adjustment of medicines in renal impairment: National Department of Health. Adult Hospital level STG, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

165. Furosemide, oral (eGFR cut-off): Levin A, Stevens PE. Summary of KDIGO 2012 CKD Guideline: behind the scenes, need for guidance, and a framework for moving forward. Kidney Int. 2014 Jan;85(1):49-61. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24284513
Furosemide, oral (eGFR cut-off): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

166. Gentamicin, parenteral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Gentamicin for uncomplicated UTI, November 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Gentamicin, parenteral: Goodlet KJ, Benhalima FZ, Nailor MD. A Systematic Review of Single-Dose Aminoglycoside Therapy for Urinary Tract Infection: Is It Time To Resurrect an Old Strategy? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 Dec 21;63(1). pii: e02165-18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30397061
Gentamicin, parenteral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC/Adult Hospital level. Summary Review: Antimicrobials for uncomplicated UTI in adults, October 2020. http://www.health.gov.za/
Gentamicin, parenteral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC/Adult Hospital level. Summary Review: Gentamicin dosing for uncomplicated UTI in adults, October 2020. http://www.health.gov.za/
Gentamicin, parenteral: Stamey, T. A., D. E. Govani and J. M. Palmer. 1965. The localization and treatment of urinary tract infections: the role of bactericidal urine levels as opposed to serum levels. Medicine (Baltimore). 1965 Jan;44:1-36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14264351/
Gentamicin, parenteral: Sandoz Canada Inc. Product monograph: PrGentamicin Injection USP, 29 August 2017. https://www.sandoz.ca/sites/www.sandoz.ca/files/Gentamicin%20Inj%20Product%20Monograph.pdf

167. Fosfomycin, oral: Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Togias AG, Karadima M, Kapaskelis AM, Rafailidis PI, Athanasiou S. Fosfomycin versus other antibiotics for the treatment of cystitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010 Sep;65(9):1862-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587612
Fosfomycin, oral: Lewis DA, Gumede LY, van der Hoven LA, de Gita GN, de Kock EJ, de Lange T, Maseko V, Kekana V, Smuts FP, Perovic O. Antimicrobial susceptibility of organisms causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in Gauteng Province, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2013 Mar 15;103(6):377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23725955

168. Nitrofurantoin: Lewis DA, Gumede LY, van der Hoven LA, de Gita GN, de Kock EJ, de Lange T, Maseko V, Kekana V, Smuts FP, Perovic O. Antimicrobial susceptibility of organisms causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in Gauteng Province, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2013 Mar 15;103(6):377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23725955
Nitrofurantoin: Nordeng H, Lupattelli A, Romøren M, Koren G. Neonatal outcomes after gestational exposure to nitrofurantoin. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Feb;121(2 Pt 1):306-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23344280

169. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – Children ≤ 35 kg: Bosch FJ, van Vuuren C, Joubert G. Antimicrobial resistance patterns in outpatient urinary tract infections--the constant need to revise prescribing habits. S Afr Med J. 2011 May;101(5):328-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21837876
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – Children ≤ 35 kg: Zorc JJ, Kiddoo DA, Shaw KN. Diagnosis and management of pediatric urinary tract infections. ClinMicrobiol Rev. 2005 Apr;18(2):417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831830
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – Children ≤ 35 kg: Bamford C, Bonorchis K, Ryan A, Hoffmann R, Naicker P, Maloba M, Nana T, Zietsman I, Govind C. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine samples in South Africa from 2007-2011. South Afr J Epidemiol Infect 2012;27(2):46-52. http://www.sajei.co.za/index.php/SAJEI/article/view/483
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – Children ≤ 35 kg: Lewis DA, Gumede LY, van der Hoven LA, de Gita GN, de Kock EJ, de Lange T, Maseko V, Kekana V, Smuts FP, Perovic O. Antimicrobial susceptibility of organisms causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in Gauteng Province, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2013 Mar 15;103(6):377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23725955
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – Children ≤ 35 kg: Fitzgerald A, Mori R, Lakhanpaul M, Tullus K. Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Aug 15;8:CD006857. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22895956
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – Children ≤ 35 kg: Keren R, Chan E. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials comparing short and long-course antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infections in children. Pediatrics. 2002 May;109(5):E70-0. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11986476
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – Children ≤ 35 kg: Downs SM. Technical report: urinary tract infections in febrile infants and young children. The Urinary Tract Subcommittee of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Quality Improvement. Pediatrics. 1999 Apr;103(4):e54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10103346
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – Children ≤ 35 kg: American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Quality Improvement. Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Pediatrics. 1999 Apr;103(4 Pt 1):843-52. Erratum in: Pediatrics1999 May;103(5 Pt 1):1052, 1999 Jul;104(1 Pt 1):118. 2000 Jan;105(1 Pt 1):141. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10103321
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – Children ≤ 35 kg: Kennedy KM, Glynn LG, Dineen B. A survey of the management of urinary tract infection in children in primary care and comparison with the NICE guidelines. BMC Fam Pract. 2010 Jan 26;11:6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102638
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – Children ≤ 35 kg: Shann F. Drug doses, 15th edition, 2010. Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – Children ≤ 35 kg: Triomed, RSA. Package insert for Augmaxcil®S, SF (Powder for suspension, suspension forte). 1997.
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – Children ≤ 35 kg: Montini G, Toffolo A, Zucchetta P, Dall'Amico R, Gobber D, Calderan A, Maschio F, Pavanello L, Molinari PP, Scorrano D, Zanchetta S, Cassar W, Brisotto P, Corsini A, Sartori S, Da Dalt L, Murer L, Zacchello G. Antibiotic treatment for pyelonephritis in children: multicentre randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. BMJ. 2007 Aug 25;335(7616):386. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17611232

170. Ciprofloxacin – cystitis associated with prostatitis: Lewis DA, Gumede LY, van der Hoven LA, de Gita GN, de Kock EJ, de Lange T, Maseko V, Kekana V, Smuts FP, Perovic O. Antimicrobial susceptibility of organisms causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in Gauteng Province, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2013 Mar 15;103(6):377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23725955

CHAPTER 9

171. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

172. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17536077

173. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

174. Diet recommendations (diabetes mellitus): Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, Dunbar SA, Franz MJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Neumiller JJ, Nwankwo R, Verdi CL, Urbanski P, Yancy WS Jr. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014 Jan;37 Suppl 1:S120-43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357208
Diet recommendations (diabetes mellitus): The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

175. Metformin (renal impairment): Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Canadian Diabetes Association 2013 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes 2013;37(suppl 1):S1-S212. http://guidelines.diabetes.ca/app_themes/cdacpg/resources/cpg_2013_full_en.pdf
Metformin (renal impairment): The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management Clinical Guideline, 2 December 2015. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28
Metformin (renal impairment): Aronoff, Bennett et al. Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure: Dosing Guidelines for Adults and Children, 5th Edition. American College of Physicians. United States of America, 2007. Metformin (renal impairment): Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE. Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jun;34(6):1431-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617112
Metformin (renal impairment): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

176. Glimepiride: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

177. Insulin, SC (stop sulphonylureas): Swinnen SG, Dain MP, Mauricio D, DeVries JH, Hoekstra JB, Holleman F. Continuation versus discontinuation of insulin secretagogues when initiating insulin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes ObesMetab. 2010 Oct;12(10):923-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20920046

178. Insulin, biphasic, SC (starting dose): The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

179. Dextrose 10%, IV:Moore C, Woollard M. Dextrose 10% or 50% in the treatment of hypoglycaemia out of hospital? A randomised controlled trial. Emerg Med J. 2005 Jul;22(7):512-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15983093

180. Albumin: creatinine ratio (diabetic nephropathy): Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney inter., Suppl. 2013; 3: 1–150. 
https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/KDIGO_CKD_GL_Appendix_1_Jan_2013.pdf

181. ACE-inhibitor, oral: Lv J, Perkovic V, Foote CV, Craig ME, Craig JC, Strippoli GF. Antihypertensive agents for preventing diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD004136. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235603
ACE-inhibitor, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016. 
ACE inhibitor, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

182. HMGCoA reductase inhibitor (indications - CKD, albuminuria): Hou W, Lv J, Perkovic V, Yang L, Zhao N, Jardine MJ, Cass A, Zhang H, Wang H. Effect of statin therapy on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2013 Jun;34(24):1807-17. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23470492
HMGCoA reductase inhibitor (indications - CKD, albuminuria): Qin X, Dong H, Fang K, Lu F. The effect of statins on renal outcomes in patients with diabetic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2017 Sep;33(6). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28477396

CHAPTER 10

183. Antivirals to treat varicella zoster, oral- adults (therapeutic class):Tunbridge AJ, Breuer J, Jeffery KJ; British Infection Society. Chickenpox in adults - clinical management. J Infect. 2008 Aug;57(2):95-102. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18555533

184. Azithromycin, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

185. Praziquantel, oral (dosing in children and adults): Kramer CV, Zhang F, Sinclair D, Olliaro PL. Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 6;(8):CD000053. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25099517
Praziquantel, oral (dosing in children and adults): Danso-Appiah A, Olliaro PL, Donegan S, Sinclair D, Utzinger J. Drugs for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;(2):CD000528. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450530

186. Antivirals to treat herpes zoster, oral (therapeutic class): McDonald EM, De Kock J, Ram FS. Antivirals for management of herpes zoster including ophthalmicus: a systematic review of high-quality randomized controlled trials. Antiviral Therapy 2012; 17(2): 255-264. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300753

187. Paracetamol, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

188. Tramadol, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

189. Amitriptyline, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Amitriptyline, oral: Dworkin RH, Schmader KE. Treatment and prevention of postherpetic neuralgia. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Apr 1; 36(7):877-82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12652389

190. Azithromycin, oral (children < 45 kg): Meloni G, Meloni T. Azithromycin vs. doxycycline for Mediterranean spotted fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15(11):1042-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8933556
Azithromycin, oral: Chapman AS, Bakken JS, Folk SM, Paddock CD, Bloch KC, Krusell A, Sexton DJ, Buckingham SC, Marshall GS, Storch GA, Dasch GA, McQuiston JH, Swerdlow DL, Dumler SJ, Nicholson WL, Walker DH, Eremeeva ME, Ohl CA; Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases Working Group.; CDC.. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis--United States: a practical guide for physicians and other health-care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006 Mar 31;55(RR-4):1-27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572105

191. Chapman AS, Bakken JS, Folk SM, Paddock CD, Bloch KC, Krusell A, Sexton DJ, Buckingham SC, Marshall GS, Storch GA, Dasch GA, McQuiston JH, Swerdlow DL, Dumler SJ, Nicholson WL, Walker DH, Eremeeva ME, Ohl CA; Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases Working Group; CDC. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis‐‐United States: a practical guide for physicians and other healthcare and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006 Mar 31;55(RR‐4):1‐27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572105

192. Azithromycin, oral (pregnancy): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

193. Paracetamol, oral (children - headache and fever in tick bite fever): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

194. Paracetamol, oral (adults - headache and fever in tick bite fever): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

195. Ceftriaxone, IM (adults): National Department of Health. National guidelines for recognition & management of viral haemorrhagic fevers, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/ 

196. Covid-19: National Institute for Communicable diseases. Clinical management of suspected or confirmed Covid-19 disease Version 5 (24th August 2020). https://www.nicd.ac.za/diseases-a-z-index/covid-19/covid-19-guidelines/clinical-management-ofsuspected-or-confirmed-covid-19-disease/

CHAPTER 11

197. Eligibility for ART: INSIGHT START Study Group, Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, Emery S, Grund B, Sharma S, Avihingsanon A, Cooper DA, Fätkenheuer G, Llibre JM, Molina JM, Munderi P, Schechter M, Wood R, Klingman KL, Collins S, Lane HC, Phillips AN, Neaton JD. Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Early Asymptomatic HIV Infection. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 27;373(9):795-807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26192873
Eligibility for ART: TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 Study Group. A Trial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 27;373(9):808-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26193126

198. Immediate initiation of ART, pregnant and breastfeeding women: National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants
Immediate initiation of ART, pregnant and breastfeeding women: WHO. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection, June 2013.Web annexes: Chapter 7 Clinical guidance across the continuum of care: antiretroviral therapy guidelines; Section 7.1.2: When to start ART in pregnant and breastfeeding women and GRADE tables. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/annexes/en/index2.html

199. TB patients with CD4 count < 50 cells/mm3: Uthman OA, Okwundu C, Gbenga K, Volmink J, Dowdy D, Zumla A, Nachega JB. Optimal Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation for HIV-Infected Adults With Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Jul 7;163(1):32-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148280

200. Timing of ART initiation (tuberculous meningitis): Török ME, Yen NT, Chau TT, Mai NT, Phu NH, Mai PP, Dung NT, Chau NV, Bang ND, Tien NA, Minh NH, Hien NQ, Thai PV, Dong DT, Anh do TT, Thoa NT, Hai NN, Lan NN, Lan NT, Quy HT, Dung NH, Hien TT, Chinh NT, Simmons CP, de Jong M, Wolbers M, Farrar JJ. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculous meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jun;52(11):1374-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596680

201. TB patients with CD4 count > 50 cells/mm3: Uthman OA, Okwundu C, Gbenga K, Volmink J, Dowdy D, Zumla A, Nachega JB. Optimal Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation for HIV-Infected Adults With Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Jul 7;163(1):32-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148280

202. Antiretroviral medicines: WHO. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection, June 2013; March 2014 and December 2014 supplements. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/en/ 
Criteria for fast track of ART: National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelinesmanagement-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

203. Dolutegravir, oral (risk of NTDs): Zash R, Holmes L, Diseko M, Jacobson DL, Brummel S, Mayondi G, Isaacson A, Davey S, Mabuta J, Mmalane M, Gaolathe T, Essex M, Lockman S, Makhema J, Shapiro RL. Neural-Tube Defects and Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 29;381(9):827-840. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31329379
Dolutegravir, oral (risk of NTDs): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelinesmanagement-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

204. Dolutegravir, oral (first-line ART): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Dolutegravir in HIV‐infected patients commencing first‐line antiretroviral therapy, updated 11 February 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Dolutegravir, oral (first-line ART): Rutherford GW, Horvath H. Dolutegravir Plus Two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors versus Efavirenz Plus Two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors As Initial Antiretroviral Therapy for People with HIV: A Systematic Review. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 13;11(10):e0162775. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27736859
Dolutegravir, oral (first-line ART): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelinesmanagement-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants
Dolutegravir, oral (risk of NTDs): Zash R, Holmes L, Diseko M, Jacobson DL, Brummel S, Mayondi G, Isaacson A, Davey S, Mabuta J, Mmalane M, Gaolathe T, Essex M, Lockman S, Makhema J, Shapiro RL. Neural-Tube Defects and Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 29;381(9):827-840. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31329379
Dolutegravir, oral (risk of NTDs): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelinesmanagement-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

205. Abacavir: Cruciani M, Mengoli C, Malena M, Serpelloni G, Parisi SG, Moyle G, Bosco O. Virological efficacy of abacavir: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014 Dec;69(12):3169-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25074854

206. Dual therapy – dolutegravir/lamivudine: Cahn P, Madero JS, Arribas JR, Antinori A, Ortiz R, Clarke AE, et al; GEMINI Study Team. Dolutegravir plus lamivudine versus dolutegravir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (GEMINI-1 and GEMINI-2): week 48 results from two multicentre, double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2019 Jan 12;393(10167):143-155. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30420123
Dual therapy – dolutegravir/lamivudine: Hidalgo-Tenorio C, Cortés LL, Gutiérrez A, Santos J, Omar M, Gálvez C, et al. DOLAMA study: Effectiveness, safety and pharmacoeconomic analysis of dual therapy with dolutegravir and lamivudine in virologically suppressed HIV-1 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Aug;98(32):e16813. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31393412

207. First-line ART regimens (adults and adolescents): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants
First-line ART regimens (adults and adolescents): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

208. FDC formulations currently available in public sector: Contract circular RT71-2019ARV. http://www.health.gov.za/

209. ART defaulting - VL target: National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelinesmanagement-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

210. Urine dipstick: Han TM, Naicker S, Ramdial PK, Assounga AG. A cross-sectional study of HIV-seropositive patients with varying degrees of proteinuria in South Africa. Kidney Int. 2006 Jun;69(12):2243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16672914

211. LAM urine testing (DS-TB): National Department of Health. Guidance on the use of the lipoarabinomannan lateral flow assay (LFLAM) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in people living with HIV, July 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
LAM urine testing (DS-TB): Bjerrum S, Schiller I, Dendukuri N, Kohli M, Nathavitharana RR, Zwerling AA, Denkinger CM, Steingart KR, Shah M. Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay for detecting active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 21;10:CD011420. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31633805

212. Screen for Cryptococcus antigen: Southern African HIV Clinician’s Society. Guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected persons:2013 update. S Afri HIV Med 2013;14(2):76-86. http://www.sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/82/128

213. Monitoring on ART (adults and adolescents): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinicalguidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants
Monitoring on ART (adults and adolescents): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

214. Viral load monitoring and management: National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinicalguidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants
Monitoring on ART (adults and adolescents): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/

215. TDF, failing regimen and hepatitis B surface antigen positive: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

216. Second-line regimens if HbsAg positive: Hakim JG, Thompson J, Kityo C, et al. Lopinavir plus nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, lopinavir plus raltegravir, or lopinavir monotherapy for second-line treatment of HIV (EARNEST): 144-week follow-up results from a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):47-57. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30630-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29108797/

217. Second-line ART regimens (adults and adolescents): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants
Second-line ART regimens (adults and adolescents): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

218. Third-line ART regimens (adults and adolescents): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

Third-line ART regimens (adults and adolescents): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

219. Dosing of ART (renal impairment): Lucas GM, Ross MJ, Stock PG, Shlipak MG, Wyatt CM, Gupta SK, Atta MG, Wools-Kaloustian KK, Pham PA, Bruggeman LA, Lennox JL, Ray PE, Kalayjian RC; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guideline for the management of chronic kidney disease in patients infected with HIV: 2014 update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 1;59(9):e96-138. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25234519
Dosing of ART (renal impairment): MeintjesG (chairperson),Black J, Conradie F, Cox V, Dlamini S, Fabian J, Maartens G, Manzini T, Mathe M, Menezes C, Moorhouse M, Moosa Y, Nash J, Orrell C, Pakade Y, Venter F, Wilson D (expert panel members). Adult antiretroviral therapy guidelines 2014 By the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society. S Afr J HIV Med 2014;15(4):121-143. http://www.sahivsoc.org/upload/documents/2014%20Adult%20ART%20Guideline.pdf

220. Tenofovir, oral (Renal function in HIV infected patients on nephrotoxic medicines): Kenyon C, Wearne N, Burton R, Meintjes G. The Risks of Concurrent Treatment with Tenofovir and Aminoglycosides in Patients with HIV-Associated Tuberculosis. South Afr J HIV Med 2011;12(1):43–45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695064

221. Emtricitabine, oral (red cell aplasia adverse drug reaction): Cohen K, Viljoen C, Njuguna C, Maartens G. Emtricitabine-associated red cell aplasia. AIDS. 2019 May 1;33(6):1095-1096. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30946164

222. Dolutegravir, oral (weight gain adverse drug reaction): Venter WDF, Moorhouse M, Sokhela S, et al. Dolutegravir plus Two Different Prodrugs of Tenofovir to Treat HIV. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(9):803-815. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31339677/

223. Efavirenz, oral (encephalopathy adverse drug reaction): Variava E, Sigauke FR, Norman J, Rakgokong M, Muchichwa P, Mochan A, Maartens G, Martinson NA. Brief Report: Late Efavirenz-Induced Ataxia and Encephalopathy: A Case Series. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017 Aug 15;75(5):577-579. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28520619

224. Antiretroviral medicines dosing and common adverse drug reactions: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Antiretroviral medicines dosing and common adverse drug reactions: National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants
Antiretroviral medicines dosing and common adverse drug reactions: Meintjes G, Moorhouse MA, Carmona S, Davies N, Dlamini S, van Vuuren C, Manzini T, Mathe M, Moosa Y, Nash J, Nel J, Pakade Y, Woods J, Van Zyl G, Conradie F, Venter F. Adult antiretroviral therapy guidelines 2017. South Afr J HIV Med. 2017 Jul 15;18(1):776. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29568644
Antiretroviral medicines dosing and common adverse drug reactions: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
Antiretroviral medicines dosing and common adverse drug reactions: Datapharm Ltd. Electronic medicines compendium (emc). [Internet][Accessed 28 November 2019] https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/

225. ART: Drug-drug interactions: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

226. ART-rifampicin drug interaction: National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelinesmanagement-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

227. Drug interactions with dolutegravir: National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelinesmanagement-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

228. Atazanavir-PPI/H2-anatagonist interaction: University of Liverpool HIV Drug Interaction online tool. https://www.hivdruginteractions.org/checker 
Atazanavir-PPI interaction: Khanlou H, Farthing C. Co-administration of atazanavir with proton-pump inhibitors and H2 blockers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Aug 1;39(4):503. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16010179
Atazanavir-PPI interaction: European Medicines Agency. Public Statement: Important new pharmacokinetic data demonstrating that REYATAZ(atazanavir sulfate) combined with NORVIR (ritonavir) and omeprazole should not be co-administered, 21 December 2004. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/important-new-pharmacokinetic-data-demonstrating-reyatazatazanavir-sulfate-combined-norvir_en.pdf

229. Atazanavir/ 3rd line antiretrovirals (raltegravir, dolutegravir) -rifampicin – drug-drug interactions: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

230. Cotrimoxazole, oral (indications for primary prophylaxis): World Health Organisation. Guidelines on post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV and the use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV-related infections among adults, adolescents and children: recommendations for a public health approach. December 2014 supplement to the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/cotrimoxazole/en/
Cotrimoxazole, oral (primary prophylaxis in pregnancy): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Evidence summary: Is co-trimoxazole safe to use in pregnancy, March 2011. http://www.health.gov.za/

231. Cotrimoxazole, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine review: CD4 cut‐off for cotrimoxazole for OI prophylaxis in PLHIV, May 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Cotrimoxazole, oral: Grimwade K, Swingler, G. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in adults with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD003108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917946

232. Cotrimoxazole, oral (adult prophylaxiss): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

233. Isoniazid (TPT) - 12-month therapy: Rangaka MX, Wilkinson RJ, Boulle A, Glynn JR, Fielding K, van Cutsem G, Wilkinson KA, Goliath R, Mathee S, Goemaere E, Maartens G. Isoniazid plus antiretroviral therapy to prevent tuberculosis: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2014;384(9944):682-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24835842

234. Isoniazid (TPT) – Pregnant women: Gupta A, Montepiedra G, Aaron L, Theron G, McCarthy K, Bradford S, Chipato T, Vhembo T, Stranix-Chibanda L, Onyango-Makumbi C, Masheto GR, Violari A, Mmbaga BT, Aurpibul L, Bhosale R, Mave V, Rouzier V, Hesseling A, Shin K, Zimmer B, Costello D, Sterling TR, Chakhtoura N, Jean-Philippe P, Weinberg A; IMPAACT P1078 TB APPRISE Study Team. Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in HIV-Infected Pregnant and Postpartum Women. N Engl J Med. 2019 Oct 3;381(14):1333-1346. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31577875
Isoniazid (TPT) – Pregnant women: Akolo C, Adetifa I, Shepperd S, Volmink J. Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV infected persons. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan20;(1):CD000171. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091503
Isoniazid (IPT) – Pregnant women: Kalk E, Heekes A, Mehta U, de Waal R, Jacob N, Cohen K, Myer L, Davies MA, Maartens G, Boulle A. Safety and Effectiveness of Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in HIV-Positive Pregnant Women on Art: An Observational Study using Linked Population Data. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 4. pii: ciz1224. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31900473

235. Isoniazid (TPT): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

236. ART - Candidiasis, oesophageal: National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelinesmanagement-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

237. Fluconazole, oral (pre-referral dose for cryptococcosis): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

238. Fluconazole, oral (cryptococcosis): WHO. Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected adults, adolescents and children supplement to the 2016 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection, March 2018. https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/cryptococcal-disease/en/
Fluconazole, oral (cryptococcosis): Govender NP, Meintjes G (Chairpersons), Bicanic T, Dawood H, Harrison TS, Jarvis JN, Karstaedt AS, Maartens G, McCarthy KM, Rabie H, Variava E, Venter WDF(Expert panel members), Boulware DR, Chiller T, Meya DB, Scriven J (Reviewers). Guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected persons: 2013 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2013;14(2):76-86. http://www.sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/82/128
Fluconazole, oral (cryptococcosis): NICD data on file

239. Fluconazole, oral (cryptococcosis): WHO. Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected adults, adolescents and children supplement to the 2016 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection, March 2018. https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/cryptococcal-disease/en/
Fluconazole, oral (cryptococcosis): Govender NP, Meintjes G (Chairpersons), Bicanic T, Dawood H, Harrison TS, Jarvis JN, Karstaedt AS, Maartens G, McCarthy KM, Rabie H, Variava E, Venter WDF(Expert panel members), Boulware DR, Chiller T, Meya DB, Scriven J (Reviewers). Guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected persons: 2013 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2013;14(2):76-86. http://www.sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/82/128
Fluconazole, oral (cryptococcosis): NICD data on file.

240. Fluconazole, oral (pregnancy): Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 29;369(9):830-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23984730
Fluconazole, oral (pregnancy): Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Svanström H, Melbye M, Hviid A, Pasternak B. Association Between Use of Oral Fluconazole During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion and Stillbirth. JAMA. 2016 Jan 5;315(1):58-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26746458 
Fluconazole, oral (pregnancy): Govender NP, Meintjes G (Chairpersons), Bicanic T, Dawood H, Harrison TS, Jarvis JN, Karstaedt AS, Maartens G, McCarthy KM, Rabie H, Variava E, Venter WDF(Expert panel members), Boulware DR, Chiller T, Meya DB, Scriven J (Reviewers). Guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected persons: 2013 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2013;14(2):76-86. http://www.sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/82/128

241. Fluconazole, oral (breastfeeding): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
Fluconazole, oral (breastfeeding): Govender NP, Meintjes G (Chairpersons), Bicanic T, Dawood H, Harrison TS, Jarvis JN, Karstaedt AS, Maartens G, McCarthy KM, Rabie H, Variava E, Venter WDF(Expert panel members), Boulware DR, Chiller T, Meya DB, Scriven J (Reviewers). Guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected persons: 2013 update. S Afr J HIV Med 2013;14(2):76-86. http://www.sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/82/128

242. Antivirals to treat herpes simplex (therapeutic class): Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Jun 5;64(RR-03):1-137. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Aug 28;64(33):924. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815

243. Antivirals to treat herpes zoster (therapeutic class): McDonald EM, De Kock J, Ram FS. Antivirals for management of herpes zoster including ophthalmicus: a systematic review of high-quality randomized controlled trials. Antiviral Therapy 2012; 17(2): 255-264. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300753

244. Management HIV-infected children and adolescents: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/

245. HIV-testing in children (which test and when to test): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

246. PMTCT(risk-stratified): Beste S, Essajee S, Siberry G, Hannaford A, Dara J, Sugandhi N, Penazzato M. Optimal Antiretroviral Prophylaxis in Infants at High Risk of Acquiring HIV: A Systematic Review. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018 Feb;37(2):169-175. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29319636
PMTCT(risk-stratified): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/
PMTCT(risk-stratified): World Health Organisation. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection, 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29319636

247. Zidovudine, oral (PMTCT- high risk protocol): Nielsen-Saines K, Watts DH, Veloso VG, Bryson YJ, Joao EC, Pilotto JH, Gray G, Theron G, Santos B, Fonseca R, Kreitchmann R, Pinto J, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Ceriotto M, Machado D, Bethel J, Morgado MG, Dickover R, Camarca M, Mirochnick M, Siberry G, Grinsztejn B, Moreira RI, Bastos FI, Xu J, Moye J, Mofenson LM; NICHD HPTN 040/PACTG 1043 Protocol Team. Three postpartum antiretroviral regimens to prevent intrapartum HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun 21;366(25):2368-79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22716975
Zidovudine, oral (PMTCT- high risk protocol): Smith C, Forster JE, Levin MJ, Davies J, Pappas J, Kinzie K, Barr E, Paul S, McFarland EJ, Weinberg A. Serious adverse events are uncommon with combination neonatal antiretroviral prophylaxis: a retrospective case review. PLoS One. 2015 May 22;10(5):e0127062. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26000984
Zidovudine, oral (PMTCT- high risk protocol): Mulenga V, Musiime V, Kekitiinwa A, Cook AD, Abongomera G, Kenny J, Chabala C, Mirembe G, Asiimwe A, Owen-Powell E, Burger D, McIlleron H, Klein N, Chintu C, Thomason MJ, Kityo C, Walker AS, Gibb DM; CHAPAS-3 trial team. Abacavir, zidovudine, or stavudine as paediatric tablets for African HIV-infected children (CHAPAS-3): an open label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 Feb;16(2):169-79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26481928

248. Zidovudine, oral (PMTCT- high risk protocol): Nielsen-Saines K, Watts DH, Veloso VG, Bryson YJ, Joao EC, Pilotto JH, Gray G, Theron G, Santos B, Fonseca R, Kreitchmann R, Pinto J, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Ceriotto M, Machado D, Bethel J, Morgado MG, Dickover R, Camarca M, Mirochnick M, Siberry G, Grinsztejn B, Moreira RI, Bastos FI, Xu J, Moye J, Mofenson LM; NICHD HPTN 040/PACTG 1043 Protocol Team. Three postpartum antiretroviral regimens to prevent intrapartum HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun 21;366(25):2368-79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22716975
Zidovudine, oral (PMTCT- high risk protocol): Smith C, Forster JE, Levin MJ, Davies J, Pappas J, Kinzie K, Barr E, Paul S, McFarland EJ, Weinberg A. Serious adverse events are uncommon with combination neonatal antiretroviral prophylaxis: a retrospective case review. PLoS One. 2015 May 22;10(5):e0127062. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26000984
Zidovudine, oral (PMTCT- high risk protocol): Mulenga V, Musiime V, Kekitiinwa A, Cook AD, Abongomera G, Kenny J, Chabala C, Mirembe G, Asiimwe A, Owen-Powell E, Burger D, McIlleron H, Klein N, Chintu C, Thomason MJ, Kityo C, Walker AS, Gibb DM; CHAPAS-3 trial team. Abacavir, zidovudine, or stavudine as paediatric tablets for African HIV-infected children (CHAPAS-3): an open label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 Feb;16(2):169-79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26481928

249. PMTCT: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/

250. PMTCT (HIV prophylaxis in high risk infants – management of high maternal VL after delivery): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

251. PMTCT (Infant of unknown HIV-exposure): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

252. Nevirapine, oral (PMTCT dosing): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

253. Zidovudine, oral (PMTCT dosing): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

254. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (HIV-exposed infants): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (HIV-exposed infants): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

255. Monitoring in HIV-infected children: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/
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256. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (HIV-infected infants): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (HIV-infected infants): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

257. Eligibility criteria for ART (children): World Health Organisation. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing hiv infection, 2016.Recommendations for a public health approach. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/arv-2016/en/

258. 1st line ART regimen (children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/
1st line ART regimen (children): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelinesmanagement-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

259. 1st line ART regimen algorithm (children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/ 
1st line ART regimen and switching algorithm (children): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

260. Adjustment of previous 1st line regimens/switching algorithm (children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/
Adjustment of previous 1st line regimens/switching algorithm (children): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

261. 1st line ART regimen (children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/
1st line ART regimen (children): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

262. Monitoring and management of viral loads (children): 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants
Monitoring and management of viral loads (children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/

263. Criteria for switching due to ARV side-effects (children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/

264. Antiretroviral medicine dosages by weight-bands (children): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

265. Lopinavir/ritonavir weight-band dosing (children): National Department of Health. Notice: Availability of lopinavir/ritonavir oral pellets for children on antiretroviral treatment, 7 April 2020. http://www.health.gov.za/
Lopinavir/ritonavir weight-band dosing (children): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants
Lopinavir/ritonavir weight-band dosing (children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/

266. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (HIV-exposed infants): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2020 (draft). http://www.health.gov.za/
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (HIV-exposed infants): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

267. PrEP regimen (Tenofovir + emtricitabine): Fonner VA, Dalglish SL, Kennedy CE, Baggaley R, O'reilly KR, Koechlin FM, Rodolph M, Hodges-Mameletzis I, Grant RM. Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for all populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. AIDS. 2016 Jul 31;30(12):1973-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27149090
PrEP regimen (Tenofovir + emtricitabine): World Health Organisation. Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on preexposure prophylaxis for HIV, September 2015. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/earlyrelease-arv/en/

268. PrEP regimen (Tenofovir + emtricitabine: adequate dosing): Patterson KB, Prince HA, Kraft E, Jenkins AJ, Shaheen NJ, Rooney JF, Cohen MS, Kashuba AD. Penetration of tenofovir and emtricitabine in mucosal tissues: implications for prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Sci Transl Med. 2011 Dec 7;3(112):112re4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158861

CHAPTER 12

269. Ceftriaxone, IM (Neisseria gonorrhoeae): Lewis DA, Sriruttan C, Müller EE, Golparian D, Gumede L, Fick D, de Wet J,Maseko V, Coetzee J, Unemo M. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of the first two cases of extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in South Africa and association with cefixime treatment failure. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013 Jun;68(6):1267-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23416957
Ceftriaxone, IM (Neisseria gonorrhoeae): Lewis DA. Gonorrhoea resistance among men who have sex with men: what’s oral sex got to do with it? South Afr J Epidemiol Infect 2013;28(2):77. https://journals.co.za/content/mp_sajei/28/2/EJC138699
Ceftriaxone, IM (Neisseria gonorrhoeae): Ito M, Yasuda M, Yokoi S, Ito S, Takahashi Y, Ishihara S, Maeda S, Deguchi T. Remarkable increase in central Japan in 2001-2002 of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with decreased susceptibility to penicillin, tetracycline, oral cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Aug;48(8):3185-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273147
Ceftriaxone, IM (Neisseria gonorrhoeae): Tanaka M, Nakayama H, Tunoe H, Egashira T, Kanayama A, Saika T, Kobayashi I, Naito S. A remarkable reduction in the susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates to cephems and the selection of antibiotic regimens for the single-dose treatment of gonococcal infection in Japan. J Infect Chemother. 2002 Mar;8(1):81-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11957125
Ceftriaxone, IM (Neisseria gonorrhoeae): Yokoi S, Deguchi T, Ozawa T, Yasuda M, Ito S, Kubota Y, Tamaki M, Maeda S. Threat to cefixime treatment for gonorrhea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Aug;13(8):1275-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17953118
Ceftriaxone, IM (Neisseria gonorrhoeae): Unemo M, Nicholas RA. Emergence of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and untreatable gonorrhea. Future Microbiol. 2012 Dec;7(12):1401-22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231489
Ceftriaxone, IM (Neisseria gonorrhoeae): Zhao S, Duncan M, Tomberg J, Davies C, Unemo M, Nicholas RA. Genetics of chromosomally mediated intermediate resistance to ceftriaxone and cefixime in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Sep;53(9):3744-51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19528266
Ceftriaxone, IM (Neisseria gonorrhoeae): Chisholm SA, Mouton JW, Lewis DA, Nichols T, Ison CA, Livermore DM. 
Cephalosporin MIC creep among gonococci: time for a pharmacodynamic rethink? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010 Oct;65(10):2141-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20693173
Ceftriaxone, IM (Neisseria gonorrhoeae): Contract circular RT301-2017: Ceftriaxone 250 mg, parenteral formulation

270. Vaginal discharge syndrome – Sexual activity criterion: Kularatne R, Radebe F, Kufa-Chakezha T, Mbulawa Z, Lewis D. Sentinel Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndrome aetiologies and HPV genotypes among patients attending Primary Health Care Facilities in South Africa, April 2014 – September 2015. https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/3Final-25-April2017_Revised-NAS_v5_NICD.pdf
Vaginal discharge syndrome – speculum examination: National Department of Health. Comprehensive STI Clinical Management Guidelines, draft version.
Clotrimazole, topical: Vaginal discharge syndrome – non-sexually active women (monotherapy syndromic directed management – candidiasis): Kularatne R, Radebe F, Kufa-Chakezha T, Mbulawa Z, Lewis D. Sentinel Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndrome aetiologies and HPV genotypes among patients attending Primary Health Care Facilities in South Africa, April 2014 – September 2015. https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/3Final-25-April-2017_Revised-NAS_v5_NICD.pdf
Metronidazole, oral: Vaginal discharge syndrome – non-sexually active women (monotherapy syndromic directed management – bacterial vaginosis): Kularatne R, Radebe F, Kufa-Chakezha T, Mbulawa Z, Lewis D. Sentinel Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndrome aetiologies and HPV genotypes among patients attending Primary Health Care Facilities in South Africa, April 2014 – September 2015. https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/3Final-25-April-2017_Revised-NAS_v5_NICD.pdf

271. Vaginal discharge syndrome – Sexual activity criterion: Kularatne R, Radebe F, Kufa-Chakezha T, Mbulawa Z, Lewis D. Sentinel Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndrome aetiologies and HPV genotypes among patients attending Primary Health Care Facilities in South Africa, April 2014 – September 2015. https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/3Final-25-April-2017_Revised-NAS_v5_NICD.pdf
Vaginal discharge syndrome – speculum examination: National Department of Health. Comprehensive STI Clinical Management Guidelines, draft version.

272. Doxycycline, oral (genital ulcer syndrome): World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis), 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/249572/1/9789241549806-eng.pdf

273. Benzathine benzylpenicillin (genital ulcer syndrome): Liu HY, Han Y, Chen XS, Bai L, Guo SP, Li L, Wu P, Yin YP. Comparison of efficacy of treatments for early syphilis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. PLoS One. 2017 Jun 28;12(6):e0180001. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28658325
Pregnant women, 1st trimester (genital ulcer syndrome): National Department of Health. Guidelines for Maternity Care in South Africa, 2016. http://www.health.gov.za

274. Azitromycin, oral (bubo): González-Beiras C, Marks M, Chen CY, Roberts S, Mitjà O. Epidemiology of Haemophilus ducreyi Infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Jan;22(1):1-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26694983

275. Syphilis serology (RPR follow-up test in doxycycline-treated patients not recommended): Liu HY, Han Y, Chen XS, Bai L, Guo SP, Li L, Wu P, Yin YP. Comparison of efficacy of treatments for early syphilis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. PLoS One. 2017 Jun 28;12(6):e0180001. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28658325
Syphilis serology (RPR follow-up test in doxycycline-treated patients not recommended): Salado-Rasmussen K, Hoffmann S, Cowan S, Jensen JS, Benfield T, Gerstoft J, Katzenstein TL. Serological Response to Treatment of Syphilis with Doxycycline Compared with Penicillin in HIV-infected Individuals. Acta Derm Venereol. 2016 Aug 23;96(6):807-11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26568359
Syphilis serology (RPR follow-up test in doxycycline-treated patients not recommended): Dai T, Qu R, Liu J, Zhou P, Wang Q. Efficacy of Doxycycline in the Treatment of Syphilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Dec 27;61(1). pii: e01092-16. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27795370

276. Doxycycline, oral (Early syphilis treatment - penicillin allergic/benzathine benzylpenicillin unavailable): World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis), 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/249572/1/9789241549806-eng.pdf

277. Amoxicillin, oral + probenecid, oral (Early syphilis treatment - pregnant/benzathine benzylpenicillin unavailable): Tanizaki R, Nishijima T, Aoki T, Teruya K, Kikuchi Y, Oka S, et al. High-dose oral amoxicillin plus probenecid is highly effective for syphilis in patients with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(2):177-83. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25829004
Amoxicillin, oral + probenecid, oral (Early syphilis treatment - pregnant/benzathine benzylpenicillin unavailable): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Amoxicllin + probenecid for syphilis in pregnant women, January 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/

278. Doxycycline, oral: Late latent syphilis treatment - penicillin allergic: World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis), 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/249572/1/9789241549806-eng.pdf

279. Amoxicillin, oral + probenecid, oral (Late latent syphilis treatment - pregnant/benzathine benzylpenicillin unavailable): Tanizaki R, Nishijima T, Aoki T, Teruya K, Kikuchi Y, Oka S, et al. High-dose oral amoxicillin plus probenecid is highly effective for syphilis in patients with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(2):177-83. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25829004
Amoxicillin, oral + probenecid, oral (Late latent syphilis treatment - pregnant/benzathine benzylpenicillin unavailable): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Amoxicllin + probenecid for syphilis in pregnant women, January 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/

280. STI partner treatment: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/

CHAPTER 13

-

CHAPTER 14

281. Rheumatoid arthritis clinical presentation: Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT, Bingham CO 3rd, Birnbaum NS, Burmester GR, Bykerk VP, Cohen MD, Combe B, Costenbader KH, Dougados M, Emery P, Ferraccioli G, Hazes JM, Hobbs K, Huizinga TW, Kavanaugh A, Kay J, Kvien TK, Laing T, Mease P, Ménard HA, Moreland LW, Naden RL, Pincus T, Smolen JS, Stanislawska-Biernat E, Symmons D, Tak PP, Upchurch KS, Vencovský J, Wolfe F, Hawker G. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Sep;62(9):2569-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20872595

282. NSAIDs: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

283. NSAIDs (caution): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
NSAIDs (caution): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

284. Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

285. Prednisone, oral (acute flares): Smolen JS, Landewé R, Bijlsma J, Burmester G, Chatzidionysiou K, Dougados M, et al.. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Jun;76(6):960-977. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28264816
Prednisone, oral (acute flares): del Rincón I, Battafarano DF, Restrepo JF, Erikson JM, Escalante A. Glucocorticoid dose thresholds associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014 Feb;66(2):264-72. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24504798

286. Proton pump inhibitor (therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital Level. Medicine Review: Proton pump inhibitors therapeutic class review, May 2018. http://www.health.gov.za
Proton pump inhibitor (therapeutic class): McDonagh MS, Carson S, Thakurta S. Drug Class Review: Proton Pump Inhibitors: Final Report Update 5 [Internet]. Portland (OR): Oregon Health & Science University; 2009 May. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47260/
Proton pump inhibitor (therapeutic class): National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines: Gastrooesophageal reflflux disease and dyspepsia in adults: investigation and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg184
Proton pump inhibitor: Contract circular HP09-2014SD. http://www.health.gov.za
Proton pump inhibitor (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): McQuaid KR , Laine L . Systemic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2006;119:624–38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16887404
Proton pump inhibitor (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Serrano P, Lanas A, Arroyo MT, Ferreira IJ. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking low-dose aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Nov;16(11):1945-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12390104
Proton pump inhibitor (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar;104(3):728-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698

287. NSAIDs (caution): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
NSAIDs (caution): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

288. Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

289. NSAIDs and heart failure risk: Arfè A, Scotti L, Varas-Lorenzo C, Nicotra F, Zambon A, Kollhorst B, Schink T, Garbe E, Herings R, Straatman H, Schade R, Villa M, Lucchi S, Valkhoff V, Romio S, Thiessard F, Schuemie M, Pariente A, Sturkenboom M, Corrao G; Safety of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (SOS) Project Consortium.. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of heart failure in four European countries: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2016 Sep 28;354:i4857. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27682515

290. Allopurinol, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
Allopurinol, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

291. Ibuprofen-aspirin interaction: Gladding PA, Webster MW, Farrell HB, Zeng IS, Park R, Ruijne N. The antiplatelet effect of six nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their pharmacodynamic interaction with aspirin in healthy volunteers. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Apr 1;101(7). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359332
Ibuprofen-aspirin interaction: Meek IL, Vonkeman HE, Kasemier J, Movig KL, van de Laar MA. Interference of NSAIDs with the thrombocyte inhibitory effect of aspirin: a placebo-controlled, ex vivo, serial placebo-controlled serial crossover study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Mar;69(3):365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22890587

292. Proton pump inhibitor (therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Proton pump inhibitor therapeutic class review, May 2018. http://www.health.gov.za
Proton pump inhibitor (therapeutic class): McDonagh MS, Carson S, Thakurta S. Drug Class Review: Proton Pump Inhibitors: Final Report Update 5 [Internet]. Portland (OR): Oregon Health & Science University; 2009 May. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47260/
Proton pump inhibitor (therapeutic class): National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines: Gastrooesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia in adults: investigation and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg184
Proton pump inhibitor: Contract circular HP09-2014SD. http://www.health.gov.za Proton pump inhibitor (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): McQuaid KR , Laine L. Systemic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2006;119:624–38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16887404
Proton pump inhibitor (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Serrano P, Lanas A, Arroyo MT, Ferreira IJ. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking low-dose aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Nov;16(11):1945-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12390104
Proton pump inhibitor (high risk patients on chronic NSAID therapy): Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar;104(3):728-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698

293. NSAIDs (caution): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
NSAIDs (caution): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

CHAPTER 15

294. Aspirin, oral (pre-referral dose in acute stroke): Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Tseng MC, Cecconi E. Oral antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Mar 26;(3):CD000029. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24668137
Aspirin, oral (pre-referral dose in acute stroke): Rothwell PM, Algra A, Chen Z, Diener HC, Norrving B, Mehta Z. Effects of aspirin on risk and severity of early recurrent stroke after transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: time-course analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2016 Jul 23;388(10042):365-375. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27209146

295. Aspirin, oral (thrombolytic interaction): Luo S, Zhuang M, Zeng W, Tao J. Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients Receiving Antiplatelet Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 19 Studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 May 20;5(5). pii: e003242. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27207999
Aspirin, oral (thrombolytic interaction): Mousa SA, Forsythe MS, Bozarth JM, Reilly TM. Effect of single oral dose of aspirin on human platelet functions and plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Cardiology. 1993;83(5-6):367-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8111770
Aspirin, oral (pre-referral dose in acute stroke): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- Primary Health Care Level. Medicine Review: Aspirin, pre-referral dose for acute stroke, March 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/

296. Aspirin, oral (secondary prevention – dosing): Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Tseng MC, Cecconi E. Oral antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Mar 26;3:CD000029. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24668137
Aspirin, oral (secondary prevention – dosing): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

297. Anti-epileptic drug-drug interactions: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

298. Lamotrigine, dose-titration (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

299. Lamotrigine, dose-titration interrupted (adults): Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press; 2019.

300. Anti-epileptics in pregnancy: Weston J, Bromley R, Jackson CF, Adab N, Clayton-Smith J, Greenhalgh J, Hounsome J, McKay AJ, Tudur Smith C, Marson AG. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 7;11:CD010224. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27819746

301. Valproic acid – caution in pregnancy: European Medicines Agency - Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee. Assessment report EMA/198940/2018 - valproate exposure in pregnancy, 8 February 2018. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500250221.pdf
Valproic acid – caution in pregnancy: Meador K, Reynolds MW, Crean S, Fahrbach K, Probst C. Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Res. 2008 Sep;81(1):1- 13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565732

302. Phenobarbital, oral (children): Banu SH, Jahan M, Koli UK, Ferdousi S, Khan NZ, Neville B. Side effects of phenobarbital and carbamazepine in childhood epilepsy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2007 Jun 9;334(7605):1207. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17145735

303. Carbamazepine, oral (children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/ Carbamazepine, oral (children): Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, Cnaan A, Guerreiro C, Kälviäinen R, Mattson R, French JA, Perucca E, Tomson T; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350722
Carbamazepine, oral (children): Marson AG, Williamson PR, Hutton JL, Clough HE, Chadwick DW. Carbamazepine versus valproate monotherapy for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(3):CD001030. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10908558
Carbamazepine, oral (children): British National Formulary for children 2016-2017. (2016). 1st ed. London: BMJ Group, Pharmaceutical Press and RCPCH Publications Ltd.

304. Children: AED-ART - liver dysfunction: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

305. Lamotrigine, drug-drug interactions with ART (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/ 
Lamotrigine, drug-drug interactions with ART (adults): National Department of Health. 2019 ART Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/elibrary/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants

306. Febrile seizures definition: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

307. Antibiotic pre-referral doses for listeriosis (additional ampicillin/cotrimoxazole): National Institute of Communicable Diseases. Listeriosis: Clinical recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, 5 December 2017. http://www.nicd.ac.za/

308. Corticosteroids, intermediate-acting, oral (therapeutic class - adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Corticosteroids, intermediate-acting, oral (therapeutic class - adults): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

309. Prednisone, oral (adults: within 72 hours): Madhok VB, Gagyor I, Daly F, Somasundara D, Sullivan M, Gammie F, Sullivan F. Corticosteroids for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 18;7:CD001942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27428352
Prednisone, oral (adults: within 48 hours): Axelsson S, Berg T, Jonsson L, Engström M, Kanerva M, Pitkäranta A, Stjernquist Desatnik A. Prednisolone in Bell's palsy related to treatment start and age. Otol Neurotol. 2011 Jan;32(1):141-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099725

310. Corticosteroids, intermediate-acting, oral (therapeutic class - paediatrics): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

CHAPTER 16

311. Biperiden, IM/slow IV (children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Biperiden, IM/slow IV (children): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

312. Promethazine, IM (children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Promethazine, IM (children): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

313. Biperiden, IM: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

314. Orphenadrine, oral (adults): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

315. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with medicines: American Psychiatric Association DSM-5 Task Force. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.

316. Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): SSRIs (Therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- PHC and Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: SSRIs, therapeutic class for anxiety and depression, October 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): Baldwin D, Woods R, Lawson R, Taylor D. Efficacy of drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d1199. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21398351
Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

317. SSRIs, oral (anxiety): SSRIs (Therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- PHC and Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: SSRIs, therapeutic class for anxiety and depression, October 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
SSRIs, oral (anxiety): Bandelow B, Reitt M, Rover C, Michaelis S, Gorlich Y, Wedekind D. Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;30(4):183-92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25932596
SSRIs, oral (anxiety): Mayo-Wilson E, Dias S, Mavranezouli I, Kew K, Clark DM, Ades AE, et al. Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):368-76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26361000
SSRIs, oral (anxiety): Stahl SM, Gergel I, Li D. Escitalopram in the treatment of panic disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Nov;64(11):1322-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658946
SSRIs, oral (anxiety): Thorlund K, Druyts E, Wu P, Balijepalli C, Keohane D, Mills E. Comparative efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in older adults: a network meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(5):1002-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25945410

318. SSRIs, oral (resolution of agitation – anxiety disorders): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

319. SSRIs, oral (duration of therapy – anxiety disorders): Rickels K, Etemad B, Khalid-Khan S, Lohoff FW, Rynn MA, Gallop RJ. Time to relapse after 6 and 12 months' treatment of generalized anxiety disorder with venlafaxine extended release. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;67(12):1274-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21135327
SSRIs, oral (duration of therapy – anxiety disorders): World Health Organisation. mhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings: mental health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP), version 2.0. Geneva, 2016. http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/mhGAP_intervention_guide_02/en/

320. Benzodiazepines, oral (anxiety): Bighelli I, Trespidi C, Castellazzi M, Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Girlanda F, et al. Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9:CD011567. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27618521
Benzodiazepines, oral (anxiety): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

321. SSRI/psychotherapy (anxiety): Furukawa TA, Watanabe N, Churchill R. Combined psychotherapy plus antidepressants for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(1):CD004364. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253502
SSRI/psychotherapy (anxiety): Cuijpers P, Cristea IA, Karyotaki E, Reijnders M, Huibers MJ. How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(3):245-58. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27717254
SSRI/psychotherapy (anxiety): Bandelow B, Reitt M, Rover C, Michaelis S, Gorlich Y, Wedekind D. Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. IntClinPsychopharmacol. 2015;30(4):183-92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25932596

322. Benzodiazepines (caution): NICE. Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management, 26 January 2011. http://nice.org.uk/guidance/cg113
Benzodiazepines (caution): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.
Benzodiazepines, oral (caution): Picton JD, Marino AB, Nealy KL. Benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline in the elderly. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018 Jan 1;75(1):e6-e12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273607
Benzodiazepines, oral (caution): Brandt J, Leong C. Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs: An Updated Review of Major Adverse Outcomes Reported on in Epidemiologic Research. Drugs R D. 2017 Dec;17(4):493-507. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28865038
Benzodiazepines (caution – long-term use): Picton JD, Marino AB, Nealy KL. Benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline in the elderly. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018 Jan 1;75(1): e6-e12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273607
Benzodiazepines (caution – long-term use): Brandt J, Leong C. Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs: An Updated Review of Major Adverse Outcomes Reported on in Epidemiologic Research. Drugs R D. 2017 Dec;17(4):493-507. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28865038

323. Fluoxetine, oral (depression): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC and Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: SSRIs, therapeutic class for anxiety and depression, October 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Fluoxetine, oral (depression): Magni LR, Purgato M, Gastaldon C, Papola D, Furukawa TA, Cipriani A, Barbui C. Fluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 17;(7):CD004185. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353997
Fluoxetine, oral (depression): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

324. SSRIs, oral (depression): SSRIs (Therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC and Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: SSRIs, therapeutic class for anxiety and depression, October 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
SSRIs, oral (depression): Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, Leucht S, Ruhe HG, Turner EH, Higgins JPT, Egger M, Takeshima N, Hayasaka Y, Imai H, Shinohara K, Tajika A, Ioannidis JPA, Geddes JR. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 7;391(10128):1357-1366. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29477251
SSRIs, oral (depression): Magni LR, Purgato M, Gastaldon C, Papola D, Furukawa TA, Cipriani A, Barbui C. Fluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 17;(7):CD004185. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353997
SSRIs, oral (depression): Thorlund K, Druyts E, Wu P, Balijepalli C, Keohane D, Mills E. Comparative efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in older adults: a network meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(5):1002-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25945410

325. SSRIs, oral (duration of therapy – depression): Bauer M, Severus E, Köhler S, Whybrow PC, Angst J, Möller HJ; Wfsbp Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Unipolar Depressive Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders. part 2: maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder-update 2015. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;16(2):76-95. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25677972
SSRIs, oral (duration of therapy – depression): World Health Organisation. mhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings: mental health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP), version 2.0. Geneva, 2016. http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/mhGAP_intervention_guide_02/en/
SSRIs, oral (duration of therapy – depression): Geddes JR, Carney SM, Davies C, Furukawa TA, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Goodwin GM. Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet. 2003 Feb 22;361(9358):653-61. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12606176
SSRIs, oral (duration of therapy – depression): El-Mallakh RS, Briscoe B. Studies of long-term use of antidepressants: how should the data from them be interpreted? CNS Drugs. 2012 Feb 1;26(2):97-109. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22296314

326. Physical health care monitoring (mental illnesses): Tosh G, Clifton AV, Xia J, White MM. Physical health care monitoring for people with serious mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 17;(1):CD008298. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24442580

327. Folic acid, oral: Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. Green-top Guideline No. 68: Epilepsy in pregnancy, June 2016. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg68/

328. Antipsychotics - monitoring: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

329. Valproic acid – caution in pregnancy: European Medicines Agency - Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee. Assessment report EMA/198940/2018 - valproate exposure in pregnancy, 8 February 2018. 
http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500250221.pdf
Valproic acid – caution in pregnancy: Meador K, Reynolds MW, Crean S, Fahrbach K, Probst C. Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Res. 2008 Sep;81(1):1- 13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565732

330. Diazepam: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/
Diazepam: National Department of Health. National Policy guidelines on detoxification of psychoactive substances. http://www.health.gov.za/

331. Benzodiazepines, oral: Leucht S, Heres S, Kissling W, Davis JM. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia.Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 Mar;14(2):269-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208500

332. Benzodiazepines: Gillies D, Sampson S, Beck A, Rathbone J. Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;4:CD003079. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633309
Benzodiazepines: TREC Collaborative Group. Rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomised trial of midazolam versus haloperidol plus promethazine. BMJ. 2003 Sep 27;327(7417):708-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512476
Benzodiazepines: Alexander J, Tharyan P, Adams C, John T, Mol C, Philip J. Rapid tranquillisation of violent or agitated patients in a psychiatric emergency setting. Pragmatic randomised trial of intramuscular lorazepam v. haloperidol plus promethazine. Br J Psychiatry. 2004 Jul;185:63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15231557

333. Midazolam, buccal: Taylor D, Okocha C, Paton C, Smith S, Connolly A. Buccal midazolam for agitation on psychiatric intensive care wards. IntJ Psychiatry ClinPract.2008;12(4):309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24937720

334. Sedation algorithm (stepwise approach): NICE. The short-term management of disturbed/violent behaviour in in-patient psychiatric settings and emergency departments, NICE clinical guideline 25, February 2005. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/cg25
Sedation algorithm (stepwise approach): Wilson MP, Pepper D, Currier GW, Holloman GH Jr, Feifel D. The psychopharmacology of agitation: consensus statement of the American association for emergency psychiatry project Beta psychopharmacology workgroup. West J Emerg Med. 2012 Feb;13(1):26-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461918

335. Promethazine, IM: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/
Promethazine, IM: Huf G, Coutinho ES, Adams CE; TREC Collaborative Group. Rapid tranquillisation in psychiatric emergency settings in Brazil: pragmatic randomised controlled trial of intramuscular haloperidol versus intramuscular haloperidol plus promethazine. BMJ. 2007 Oct 27;335(7625):869. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17954515

336. Thiamine: Day E, Bentham PW, Callaghan R, Kuruvilla T, George S. Thiamine for prevention and treatment of Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome in people who abuse alcohol. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 1;7:CD004033. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23818100
Thiamine: Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peters L, Nutt DJ; British Association for Psychopharmacology, Expert Reviewers Group. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jul;26(7):899-952. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628390
Thiamine: Ambrose ML, Bowden SC, Wehan G. Thiamine treatment and working memory function of alcohol dependent people: preliminary findings. AlcoholClinExpRes 2001; 25: 112–16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11198705
Thiamine: Cook CC. Prevention and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome. Alcohol AlcoholSuppl 2000; 35: 19–20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11304070
Thiamine: Thomson AD, Cook CCH, Touquet R, Henry JA. The Royal College of Physicians report on alcohol: guidelines for managing Wernicke’s encephalopathy in the accident and emergency department. Alcohol AlcoholSuppl 2002; 37: 513–21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12414541
Thiamne: Cook CCH, Hallwood PM, Thomson AD. B-vitamin deficiency and neuro-psychiatric syndromes in alcohol misuse. Alcohol AlcoholSuppl 1998; 33: 317–36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9719389
Sechi G, Serra A. Wernicke's encephalopathy: new clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol. 2007 May;6(5):442-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17434099

337. Diazepam: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

CHAPTER 17

338. Salbutamol MDI (adults): Rodrigo C, Rodrigo G. Salbutamol treatment of acute severe asthma in the ED: MDI versus hand-held nebulizer. Am J Emerg Med. 1998 Nov16(7):637-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9827736
Salbutamol MDI (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

339. Salbutamol nebulisation (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

340. Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/ Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

341. Salbutamol nebulisation (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

342. Salbutamol MDI (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

343. Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

344. Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

345. Ipratropium bromide 0.5 mg nebulisation (adults): Global initiative for asthma (GINA) Guidelines, 2018. http://ginasthma.org/

346. Ipratropium bromide MDI (adults): Global initiative for asthma (GINA) Guidelines, 2018. http://ginasthma.org/

347. Salbutamol MDI (paediatrics): Benito-Fernández J, González-Balenciaga M, Capapé-Zache S, Vázquez-Ronco MA, MintegiRaso S. Salbutamol via metered-dose inhaler with spacer versus nebulization for acute treatment of pediatric asthma in the emergency department. PediatrEmerg Care. 2004 Oct;20(10):656-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15454738
Salbutamol MDI (paediatrics): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

348. Salbutamol nebulisation (paediatrics): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

349. Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

350. Salbutamol nebulisation (paediatrics): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

351. Salbutamol MDI (paediatrics): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

352. Ipratropium bromide 0.5 mg nebulisation (paediatrics): Kling S, Zar HJ, Levin ME, Green RJ, Jeena PM, Risenga SM, Thula SA ,Goussard P, Gie RP, for the South African Childhood Asthma Working Group (SACAWG)S Afr Med J 2013;103(3):199-207. http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/6658

353. Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

354. Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Kedem E, Shahar E, Hassoun G, Pollack S. Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome due to coadministration of ritonavir and inhaled budesonide in an asthmatic human immunodeficiency virus infected patient. J Asthma. 2010 Sep;47(7):830-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20653496
Inhaled corticosteroids (Patientson protease inhibitors): Frankel JK, Packer CD. Cushing's syndrome due to antiretroviral-budesonide interaction. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Jun;45(6):823-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558486
Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Blondin MC, Beauregard H, Serri O. Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome in patients receiving inhaled budesonide and itraconazole or ritonavir: two cases and literature review. Endocr Pract. 2013 Nov-Dec;19(6):e138-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23807527
Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Yoganathan K, David L, Williams C, Jones K. Cushing's syndrome with adrenal suppression induced by inhaled budesonide due to a ritonavir drug interaction in a woman with HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS. 2012 Jul;23(7):520-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22844010

355. Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Kedem E, Shahar E, Hassoun G, Pollack S. Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome due to coadministration of ritonavir and inhaled budesonide in an asthmatic human immunodeficiency virus infected patient. J Asthma. 2010 Sep;47(7):830-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20653496
Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Frankel JK, Packer CD. Cushing's syndrome due to antiretroviral-budesonide interaction. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Jun;45(6):823-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558486
Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Blondin MC, Beauregard H, Serri O. Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome in patients receiving inhaled budesonide and itraconazole or ritonavir: two cases and literature review. Endocr Pract. 2013 NovDec;19(6):e138-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23807527
Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Yoganathan K, David L, Williams C, Jones K. Cushing's syndrome with adrenal suppression induced by inhaled budesonide due to a ritonavir drug interaction in a woman with HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS. 2012 Jul;23(7):520-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22844010

356. LABA/ICS (Salmeterol/fluticasone) MDI (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

357. Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Kedem E, Shahar E, Hassoun G, Pollack S. Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome due to coadministration of ritonavir and inhaled budesonide in an asthmatic human immunodeficiency virus infected patient. J Asthma. 2010 Sep;47(7):830-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20653496
Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Frankel JK, Packer CD. Cushing's syndrome due to antiretroviral-budesonide interaction. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Jun;45(6):823-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558486
Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Blondin MC, Beauregard H, Serri O. Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome in patients receiving inhaled budesonide and itraconazole or ritonavir: two cases and literature review. Endocr Pract. 2013 NovDec;19(6):e138-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23807527
Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Yoganathan K, David L, Williams C, Jones K. Cushing's syndrome with adrenal suppression induced by inhaled budesonide due to a ritonavir drug interaction in a woman with HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS. 2012 Jul;23(7):520-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22844010

358. LABA (Formoterol) MDI (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

359. LABA/ICS (Salmeterol/fluticasone) MDI (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

360. Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Kedem E, Shahar E, Hassoun G, Pollack S. Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome due to coadministration of ritonavir and inhaled budesonide in an asthmatic human immunodeficiency virus infected patient. J Asthma. 2010 Sep;47(7):830-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20653496
Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Frankel JK, Packer CD. Cushing's syndrome due to antiretroviral-budesonide interaction. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Jun;45(6):823-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558486
Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Blondin MC, Beauregard H, Serri O. Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome in patients receiving inhaled budesonide and itraconazole or ritonavir: two cases and literature review. Endocr Pract. 2013 NovDec;19(6):e138-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23807527
Inhaled corticosteroids (Patients on protease inhibitors): Yoganathan K, David L, Williams C, Jones K. Cushing's syndrome with adrenal suppression induced by inhaled budesonide due to a ritonavir drug interaction in a woman with HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS. 2012 Jul;23(7):520-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22844010

361. Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/ Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

362. Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

363. Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Corticosteroids (intermediate-acting): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

364. Amoxicillin: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

365. Chest x-ray diagnosis (follow-up for community acquired pneumonia): Tang KL, Eurich DT, Minhas-Sandhu JK, Marrie TJ, Majumdar SR. Incidence, correlates, and chest radiographic yield of new lung cancer diagnosis in 3398 patients with pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:1193–1198. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21518934
Chest x-ray diagnosis (follow-up for community acquired pneumonia): Mortensen EM, Copeland LA, Pugh MJ, Fine MJ, Nakashima B, Restrepo MI, de Molina RM, Anzueto A. Diagnosis of pulmonary malignancy after hospitalization for pneumonia. Am J Med. 2010 Jan;123(1):66-71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102994
Chest x-ray diagnosis (follow-up for community acquired pneumonia): Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, Anzueto A, Brozek J, Crothers K, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350
Chest x-ray diagnosis (follow-up for community acquired pneumonia): Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, Hill AT, Jamieson C, Le Jeune I, Macfarlane JT, Read RC, Roberts HJ, Levy ML, Wani M, Woodhead MA; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64 Suppl 3:iii1-55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532

366. Chest x-ray diagnosis (follow-up for community acquired pneumonia): Tang KL, Eurich DT, Minhas-Sandhu JK, Marrie TJ, Majumdar SR. Incidence, correlates, and chest radiographic yield of new lung cancer diagnosis in 3398 patients with pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:1193–1198. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21518934
Chest x-ray diagnosis (follow-up for community acquired pneumonia): Mortensen EM, Copeland LA, Pugh MJ, Fine MJ, Nakashima B, Restrepo MI, de Molina RM, Anzueto A. Diagnosis of pulmonary malignancy after hospitalization for pneumonia. Am J Med. 2010 Jan;123(1):66-71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102994
Chest x-ray diagnosis (follow-up for community acquired pneumonia): Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, Anzueto A, Brozek J, Crothers K, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350
Chest x-ray diagnosis (follow-up for community acquired pneumonia): Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, Hill AT, Jamieson C, Le Jeune I, Macfarlane JT, Read RC, Roberts HJ, Levy ML, Wani M, Woodhead MA; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64 Suppl 3:iii1-55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532

367. LAM urine testing (DS-TB): National Department of Health. Guidance on the use of the lipoarabinomannan lateral flow assay (LFLAM) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in people living with HIV, July 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
LAM urine testing (DS-TB): Bjerrum S, Schiller I, Dendukuri N, Kohli M, Nathavitharana RR, Zwerling AA, Denkinger CM, Steingart KR, Shah M. Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay for detecting active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 21;10:CD011420. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31633805

368. Rifampicin, oral - Isoniazid mono-resistant contact: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

369. Isoniazid, oral - Rifampicin mono-resistant contact: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

370. Pyridoxine, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

371. Dispersible paediatric FDC TB formulations (dosing): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

372. Pyridoxine, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

373. Pyridoxine, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

374. Pyridoxine, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

375. Pyridoxine, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

376. Levofloxacin, oral (with rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Levofloxacin, oral (in addition to rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) for isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis, September 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Levofloxacin, oral (with rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide): Fregonese F, Ahuja SD, Akkerman OW, Arakaki-Sanchez D, Ayakaka I, Baghaei P, et al. Comparison of different treatments for isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(4):265-75. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29595509
Levofloxacin, oral (with rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide): World Health Organization. WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Drug-resistant Tuberculosis Treatment 2019.Available from: https://www.who.int/tb/publications/2019/consolidated-guidelines-drugresistant-TB-treatment/en/

CHAPTER 18

377. Anti-allergic eye drops: Castillo M, Scott NW, Mustafa MZ, Mustafa MS, Azuara-Blanco A. Topical antihistamines and mast cell stabilisers for treating seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 1;(6):CD009566. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26028608
Anti-allergic eye drops: Varu DM, Rhee MK, Akpek EK, Amescua G, Farid M, Garcia-Ferrer FJ, Lin A, Musch DC, Mah FS, Dunn SP; American Academy of Conjunctivitis Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2019 Jan;126(1):P94- P169. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30366797

378. Anti-allergic eye drops: Castillo M, Scott NW, Mustafa MZ, Mustafa MS, Azuara-Blanco A. Topical antihistamines and mast cell stabilisers for treating seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 1;(6):CD009566. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26028608
Anti-allergic eye drops: Varu DM, Rhee MK, Akpek EK, Amescua G, Farid M, Garcia-Ferrer FJ, Lin A, Musch DC, Mah FS, Dunn SP; American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Cornea and External Disease Panel. Conjunctivitis Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2019 Jan;126(1):P94- P169. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30366797

379. Chloramphenicol, ophthalmic ointment: WHO Guidelines for the Management of Corneal Ulcer at Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Care Health Facilities in the South-East Asia Region, 2004. http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B3516.pdf

CHAPTER 19

380. Corticosteroids, topical nasal (children > 6 years of age): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

381. Corticosteroids, topical nasal (therapeutic class): Chong LY, Head K, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Burton MJ, Schilder AG. Different types of intranasal steroids for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 26;4:CD011993. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27115215
Corticosteroids, topical nasal (therapeutic class): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016. Corticosteroids, topical nasal (therapeutic class): Herman H. Once-daily administration of intranasal corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis: a comparative review of efficacy, safety, patient preference, and cost. Am J Rhinol. 2007 Jan-Feb;21(1):70-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17283565
Fluticasone, topical, aqueous nasal spray: Contract circular HP07-2017DAI. http://www.health.gov.za/

382. Beclomethasone, topical, aqueous nasal spray (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): Foisy MM, Yakiwchuk EM, Chiu I, Singh AE. Adrenal suppression and Cushing's syndrome secondary to an interaction between ritonavir and fluticasone: a review of the literature. HIV Med. 2008 Jul;9(6):389-96. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18459946
Beclomethasone, topical, aqueous nasal spray (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): University of Liverpool. HIV drug interaction database. https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/
Beclomethasone, topical, aqueous nasal spray (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): Frankel JK, Packer CD. Cushing's syndrome due to antiretroviral-budesonide interaction. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Jun;45(6):823-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558486
Beclomethasone, topical, aqueous nasal spray (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): Yoganathan K, David L, Williams C, Jones K. Cushing's syndrome with adrenal suppression induced by inhaled budesonide due to a ritonavir drug interaction in a woman with HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS. 2012 Jul;23(7):520-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22844010

383. Non-sedating antihistamines, oral: Howarth PH, Stern MA, Roi L, Reynolds R, Bousquet J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of fexofenadine hydrochloride (120 and 180 mg once daily) and cetirizine in seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy ClinImmunol. 1999;104(5):927-933. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550734
Non-sedating antihistamines, oral: Olasińska-Wiśniewska A , Olasiński J, Grajek S. Cardiovascular safety of antihistamines. Postep Derm Alergol. 2014, 3: 182–186. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25097491
Non-sedating antihistamines, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Non-sedating antihistamines for persistent allergic rhinitis, 23 November 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

384. Sodium chloride 0.9% nose drops: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

385. Paracetamol, oral: NICE Clinical Guideline-Feverish illness in children: assessment and initial management in children younger than 5 years, May 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg160/chapter/recommendations

386. Amoxicillin, oral (AOM – children): Siddiq S, Grainger J. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media: American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines 2013. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2015 Aug;100(4):193-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395494
Amoxicillin, oral (AOM – children): National Department of Health, Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Guidelines, 2014. http://www.health.gov.za/
Amoxicillin, oral (AOM – children): Brink AJ, Cotton M, Feldman C, Finlayson H, Friedman R, Green R, Hendson W, Hockman M, Maartens G, Madhi S, Reubenson G, Silverbauer E, Zietsman I. Updated recommendations for the management of upper respiratory tract infections in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015 Apr 6;105(5):344-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26242659

387. Antibiotics, oral (AOM-children): Venekamp RP, Sanders SL, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB, Rovers MM. Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 23;(6):CD000219. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26099233
Antibiotics, oral (AOM-children): NICE. Otitis media (acute): antimicrobial prescribing. Clinical guideline NG91, March 2018. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng91

388. Amoxicillin, oral (AOM – children > 7 years of age and adults): Brink AJ, Cotton M, Feldman C, Finlayson H, Friedman R, Green R, Hendson W, Hockman M, Maartens G, Madhi S, Reubenson G, Silverbauer E, Zietsman I. Updated recommendations for the management of upper respiratory tract infections in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015 Apr 6;105(5):344-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26242659

389. Amoxicillin/clavulanate, oral (AOM – children): Siddiq S, Grainger J. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media: American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines 2013. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2015 Aug;100(4):193-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395494
Amoxicillin/clavulanate, oral (AOM – children): Brink AJ, Cotton M, Feldman C, Finlayson H, Friedman R, Green R, Hendson W, Hockman M, Maartens G, Madhi S, Reubenson G, Silverbauer E, Zietsman I. Updated recommendations for the management of upper respiratory tract infections in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015 Apr 6;105(5):344-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26242659

390. Amoxicillin/clavulanate, oral (AOM – adults): Brink AJ, Cotton M, Feldman C, Finlayson H, Friedman R, Green R, Hendson W, Hockman M, Maartens G, Madhi S, Reubenson G, Silverbauer E, Zietsman I. Updated recommendations for the management of upper respiratory tract infections in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015 Apr 6;105(5):344-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26242659

391. Paracetamol, oral (AOM – children): Sjoukes A, Venekamp RP, van de Pol AC, Hay AD, Little P, Schilder AG, Damoiseaux RA. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 15;12:CD011534. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977844

392. Antihistamines, oral (Cetirizine): Griffin G, Flynn CA. Antihistamines and/or decongestants for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Sep 7;(9):CD003423. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901683

393. TB testing of pus swabs: Baron EJ, Miller JM, Weinstein MP, Richter SS, Gilligan PH, Thomson RB Jr, Bourbeau P, Carroll KC, Kehl SC, Dunne WM, Robinson-Dunn B, Schwartzman JD, Chapin KC, Snyder JW, Forbes BA, Patel R, Rosenblatt JE, Pritt BS. A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2013 recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)(a). Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Aug;57(4):e22-e121. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23845951

394. Oxymetazoline, nose drops: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

395. Antibiotics (Tonsillitis and pharyngitis): Engel MF, Bruns AH, Hulscher ME, Gaillard CA, Sankatsing SU, Teding van Berkhout F, Emmelot-Vonk MH, Kuck EM, Steeghs MH, den Breeijen JH, Stellato RK, Hoepelman AI, Oosterheert JJ. A tailored implementation strategy to reduce the duration of intravenous antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a controlled before-and-after study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014 Nov;33(11):1897-908. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24859925

396. Amoxicillin, oral (children): Clegg HW, Ryan AG, Dallas SD, Kaplan EL, Johnson DR, Norton HJ, Roddey OF, Martin ES, Swetenburg RL, Koonce EW, Felkner MM, Giftos PM. Treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis with once-daily compared with twice-daily amoxicillin: a noninferiority trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Sep;25(9):761-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16940830
Amoxicillin, oral (children): Lennon DR, Farrell E, Martin DR, Stewart JM. Once-daily amoxicillin versus twice-daily penicillin V in group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. Arch Dis Child. 2008 Jun;93(6):474-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337284

397. Amoxicillin, oral (adults): Brink AJ, Cotton M, Feldman C, Finlayson H, Friedman R, Green R, Hendson W, Hockman M, Maartens G, Madhi S, Reubenson G, Silverbauer E, Zietsman I. Updated recommendations for the management of upper respiratory tract infections in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015 Apr 6;105(5):344-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26242659
Amoxicillin, oral (adults): National Department of Health: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care level. Medicine Review: Phenoxymethylpenicillin vs amoxicillin for tonsilitis_pharyngitis, October 2016. http://www.health.gov.za/

CHAPTER 20

398. Ibuprofen, oral (ceiling effect): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/
Ibuprofen, oral (ceiling effect): Laska EM, Sunshine A, Marrero I, Olson N, Siegel C, McCormick N. The correlation between blood levels of ibuprofen and clinical analgesic response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Jul;40(1):1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522030

399. Ibuprofen, oral: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

400. Ibuprofen (ceiling effect): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/ Ibuprofen, oral (ceiling effect): Laska EM, Sunshine A, Marrero I, Olson N, Siegel C, McCormick N. The correlation between blood levels of ibuprofen and clinical analgesic response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Jul;40(1):1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522030

401. Morphine, IM (adults): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

402. Morphine, IV (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

403. Morphine, IV (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

404. Paracetamol, oral (Mild chronic non-cancer pain: children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
Paracetamol, oral (Mild chronic non-cancer pain: children): Cooper TE, Fisher E, Anderson B, Wilkinson NM, Williams DG, Eccleston C. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 2;8:CD012539. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28770975

405. Ibuprofen (ceiling effect): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/
Ibuprofen, oral (ceiling effect): Laska EM, Sunshine A, Marrero I, Olson N, Siegel C, McCormick N. The correlation between blood levels of ibuprofen and clinical analgesic response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Jul;40(1):1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522030

406. Paracetamol, oral (adults - chronic cancer pain): Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, McNicol ED, Bell RF, Carr DB, McIntyre M, Wee B. Oral paracetamol (acetaminophen) for cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2017 Jul 12;7:CD012637. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28700092

407. NSAIDs, oral (adults - chronic cancer pain): Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA, McNicol ED, Bell RF, Carr DB, McIntyre M, Wee B. Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 12;7:CD012638. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28700091
Ibuprofen, oral (ceiling effect): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STG, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/
Ibuprofen (ceiling effect): Laska EM, Sunshine A, Marrero I, Olson N, Siegel C, McCormick N. The correlation between blood levels of ibuprofen and clinical analgesic response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Jul;40(1):1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522030

408. Tramadol, oral (adults - chronic cancer pain): Wiffen PJ, Wee B, Derry S, Bell RF, Moore RA. Opioids for cancer pain – an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 6;7:CD012592. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28683172
Tramadol, oral (adults - chronic cancer pain: caution): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

409. Morphine, long-acting: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme: Adult Hospital level STG, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/
Morphine, long-acting, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.
Morphine, long-acting, oral: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC. Medicine Review. Oxycodone for chronic cancer pain in adults, June 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/
Morphine, long-acting, oral: Schmidt-Hansen M, Bennett MI, Arnold S, Bromham N, Hilgart JS. Oxycodone for cancer-related pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 22;8:CD003870. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28829910

410. Pain ladder (children): World Health Organisation. WHO Guidelines on the Pharmacological Treatment of Persisting Pain in Children with Medical Illnesses. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23720867/

411. NSAIDs, oral (children – chronic cancer pain): Cooper TE, Heathcote LC, Anderson B, Grégoire MC, Ljungman G, Eccleston C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer-related pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 24;7:CD012563. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737843

412. Paracetamol, oral (children – chronic cancer pain): Wiffen PJ, Cooper TE, Anderson AK, Gray AL, Grégoire MC, Ljungman G, Zernikow B. Opioids for cancer-related pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 19;7:CD012564. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28722116

CHAPTER 21

413. Adrenaline/epinephrine, IO (Bradycardia-children): Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa: Basic life support for healthcare provider, algorithm, 2015. http://resus.co.za/

414. Adrenaline/epinephrine, IV (Bradycardia-children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

415. Adrenaline/epinephrine, IV (Bradycardia-children): Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa: Basic life support for healthcare provider, algorithm, 2015. http://resus.co.za/
Atropine, IV (Bradycardia-children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

416. Management of suspected choking/foreign body aspiration in children: Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa: Choking, algorithm, 2015. http://resus.co.za/

417. Benzodiazepines/ Haloperidol: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Benzodiazepines/ Haloperidol (dosing in the elderly): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

418. Dextrose 10%, IV: Moore C, Woollard M. Dextrose 10% or 50% in the treatment of hypoglycaemia out of hospital? A randomised controlled trial. Emerg Med J. 2005 Jul;22(7):512-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15983093

419. Morphine, IV (adults): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

420. Oxygen (AMI/STEMI): Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, Zamiri N, Almenawer SA, Jaeschke R, Szczeklik W, Schünemann HJ, Neary JD, Alhazzani W. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-1705. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345

421. Oxygen (anaphylaxis): Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa: Emergency management of anaphylaxis algorithm, 2015/16. http://resus.co.za/

422. Sodium chloride 0.9%, IV: Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa: Emergency management of anaphylaxis algorithm, 2015/16. http://resus.co.za/

423. Salbutamol nebulisation (anaphylaxis): Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa: Emergency management of anaphylaxis algorithm, 2015/16. http://resus.co.za/

424. Ipratropium nebulisation (anaphylaxis): Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa: Emergency management of anaphylaxis algorithm, 2015/16. http://resus.co.za/

425. Hydrocortisone, IV/slow IM: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

426. Hydrocortisone, IV/slow IM: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

427. Promethazine IM/IM: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

428. Midazolam, buccal (children-status epilepticus): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC level. Medicine review: Midazolam, buccal vs diazepam, rectal for the control of seizures in children, 28 May 2014. http://health.gov.za/
Midazolam, buccal (children-status epilepticus): McMullan J, Sasson C, Pancioli A, Silbergleit R. Midazolam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus in children and young adults: a meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Jun;17(6):575-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20624136
Midazolam, buccal (children-status epilepticus): McIntyre J, Robertson S, Norris E, Appleton R, Whitehouse WP, Phillips B, Martland T, Berry K, Collier J, Smith S, Choonara I. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Jul 16-22;366(9481):205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16023510
Midazolam, buccal (children-status epilepticus): Mpimbaza A, Ndeezi G, Staedke S, Rosenthal PJ, Byarugaba J. Comparison of buccal midazolam with rectal diazepam in the treatment of prolonged seizures in Ugandan children: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics. 2008; 121:e58–64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166545
Midazolam, buccal (children-status epilepticus): Scott RC, Besag FM, Neville BG. Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence: a randomised trial. Lancet.1999; 353:623–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10030327
Midazolam, buccal (children-second dose): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC level. Medicine review: Buccal midazolam (repeat dose) for status epilepticus in children - review update, 25 May 2017. http://health.gov.za/
Midazolam, buccal (children-second dose): Smith R, Brown J. Midazolam for status epilepticus. Aust Prescr. 2017 Feb;40(1):23- 25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28246432 
Midazolam, buccal (children-second dose): World Health Organisation. mhGAP Intervention Guide Mental Health Gap Action Programme for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings, version 2.0 Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/mhGAP_intervention_guide_02/en/
Midazolam, buccal (children-second dose): National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies: diagnosis and management Clinical guideline [CG137], 2012. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137

429. Midazolam, IM (children-status epilepticus): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC level. Medicine review: Midazolam, IM vs other benzodiazepines (any route of administration), 31 August 2017. http://health.gov.za/
Midazolam, IM (children-status epilepticus): Jain P, Sharma S, Dua T, Barbui C, Das RR, Aneja S. Efficacy and safety of antiepileptic drugs in patients with active convulsive seizures when no IV access is available: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy research. 2016;122:47-55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26922313
Midazolam, IM (children-status epilepticus): Momen AA, Azizi Malamiri R, Nikkhah A, Jafari M, Fayezi A, Riahi K, et al. Efficacy and safety of intramuscular midazolam versus rectal diazepam in controlling status epilepticus in children. European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 2015;19(2):149-54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166545

430. Phenobarbital, oral via naso-gastric tube (children-status epilepticus): Wilmshurst JM, van der Walt JS, Ackermann S, Karlsson MO, Blockman M. Rescue therapy with high-dose oral phenobarbitone loading for refractory status epilepticus. J Paediatr Child Health. 2010 Jan;46(1-2):17-22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19943867

431. Midazolam, IM (adults-status epilepticus): Silbergleit R, Durkalski V, Lowenstein D, Conwit R, Pancioli A ,Palesch Y, Barsan W; NETT Investigators. Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. NEnglJMed. 2012Feb16; 366(7):591-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22335736

432. Diazepam, IV (adults-status epilepticus): Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, Alldredge B, Bleck TP, Glauser T, Laroche SM, RivielloJJ Jr, Shutter L, Sperling MR, Treiman DM, Vespa PM; Neurocritical Care Society Status Epilepticus Guideline Writing Committee. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012 Aug;17(1):3-23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22528274
Diazepam, IV - Adults status epilepticus: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

433. Tetanus vaccination (human bites): Muguti GI, Dixon MS. Tetanus following human bite. Br J Plast Surg. 1992 NovDec;45(8):614-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1493537
Tetanus vaccination (human bites): Patil PD, Panchabhai TS, Galwankar SC. Managing human bites. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2009 Sep;2(3):186-90. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009309

434. HIV PEP (human bites): Cresswell FV, Ellis J, Hartley J, Sabin CA, Orkin C, Churchill DR. A systematic review of risk of HIV transmission through biting or spitting: implications for policy. HIV Med. 2018 Apr 23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29687590

435. Tetanus toxoid vaccine (scorpion stings and spider bites): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/

436. NSAID caution: World Health Organisation: Guidelines for the prevention and clinical management of snakebite in Africa. https://www.who.int/health-topics/snakebite#tab=overview

437. Snake polyvalent antivenom (indications): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

438. Snake antivenom criteria: Wood D, Sartorius B and Hift R. Snakebite in north-eastern South Africa: clinical characteristics and risks for severity. S Afr Fam Pract 2016; 58(2):62–67. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/20786190.2015.1120934

439. Activated charcoal (single dose): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Single dose activated charcoal for poisonings, May 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/
Activated charcoal (single dose): Chyka PA, Seger D; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position statement: single-dose activated charcoal. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997;35(7):721-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15822758
Activated charcoal (single dose): Rosenberg J, Benowitz NL, Pond S. Pharmacokinetics of drug overdose. Clin Pharmacokinet 1981; 6:161– 192. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7016383
Activated charcoal (single dose): Yeates PJA, Thomas SHL. Effectiveness of delayed activated charcoal administration in simulated paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49:11–14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7016383
Activated charcoal (single dose): Laine K, Kivisto¨ KT, Pelttari S, Neuvonen PJ. The effect of activated charcoal on the absorption of fluoxetine, with special reference to delayed charcoal administration. Pharmacol Toxicol 1996; 79:270– 273. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8936562
Activated charcoal (single dose): Laine K, Kivisto¨ KT, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of delayed administration of activated charcoal on the absorption of conventional and slow-release verapamil. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997; 35:263–268. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9140320
Activated charcoal (single dose): Laine K, Kivisto¨ KT, Ojala-Karlsson P, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics of pholcodine, with special reference to delayed charcoal ingestion. Ther Drug Monit 1997; 19:46– 50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9029746
Activated charcoal (single dose): Green R, Grierson R, Sitar DS, Tenenbein M. How long after drug ingestion is activated charcoal still effective? J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001; 39:601– 605. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11762668

440. Atropine, IV (children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

441. Atropine, IV (bolus dose): Abedin MJ, Sayeed AA, Basher A, Maude RJ, Hoque G, Faiz MA. Open-label randomized clinical trial of atropine bolus injection versus incremental boluses plus infusion for organophosphate poisoning in Bangladesh. J Med Toxicol. 2012 Jun;8(2):108-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22351300

442. Naloxone, IV/IM (children): Kleinman ME, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM, Samson RA, Hazinski MF, Atkins DL, Berg MD, de Caen AR, Fink EL, Freid EB, Hickey RW, Marino BS, Nadkarni VM, Proctor LT, Qureshi FA, Sartorelli K, Topjian A, van der Jagt EW, Zaritsky AL. Part 14: pediatric advanced life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010 Nov 2;122(18 Suppl 3):S876-908. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20956230

443. Activated charcoal: Bradberry SM, Vale JA. Multiple-dose activated charcoal: a review of relevant clinical studies. J ToxicolClinToxicol. 1995;33(5):407-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7650765
Whole bowel irrigation: Mayer AL, Sitar DS, Tenenbein M. Multiple-dose charcoal and whole-bowel irrigation do not increase clearance of absorbed salicylate. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Feb;152(2):393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1739372

444. Paracetmaol poisoning cut-off (children): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

445. Monitoring (HIV occupational and non-occupational exposure): Moorhouse M, Bekker LG, Black V, Conradie F, Harley B, Howell P, Maartens G, Papavarnavas T, Rebe K, Sorour G, Venter F, Wallis CL. Guideline on the management of occupational and non-occupational exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for post-exposure prophylaxis: 2015 Update. South Afr J HIV Med. 2015 Nov 10;16(1):399. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29568597
Monitoring (HIV occupational and non-occupational exposure): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines: Post exposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Hepatitis B Virus Infection. MMWR 2006,56(RR-16), Appendix B. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5516a3.htm?s_cid=rr5516a3_e

446. Dolutegravir-based PEP regimen: Ford N, Shubber Z, Calmy A, Irvine C, Rapparini C, Ajose O, et al. Choice of antiretroviral drugs for postexposure prophylaxis for adults and adolescents: A systematic review. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2015;60 Suppl 3:S170–6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25972499
Dolutegravir-based PEP regimen: McAllister JW, Towns JM, McNulty A, Pierce AB, Foster R, Richardson R, et al. Dolutegravir with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine as HIV postexposure prophylaxis in gay and bisexual men. AIDS. 2017;31(9):1291–5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301425
Dolutegravir-based PEP regimen: Goldschmidt RH. CDC Releases Updated Guidelines for Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection Drug, or Other Nonoccupational Exposures to HIV. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Sep 1;94(5):392-3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27583430
Dolutegravir-based PEP regimen: Canadian guideline on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis. CMAJ. 2018 Jun 25;190(25):E782. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29941442

447. Protease-inhibitor- based PEP regimen: Ford N, Shubber Z, Calmy A, Irvine C, Rapparini C, Ajose O, et al. Choice of antiretroviral drugs for postexposure prophylaxis for adults and adolescents: A systematic review. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2015;60 Suppl 3:S170–6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25972499
Protease-inhibitor- based PEP regimen: Zash R, Holmes L, Diseko M, Jacobson DL, Brummel S, Mayondi G, Isaacson A, Davey S, Mabuta J, Mmalane M, Gaolathe T, Essex M, Lockman S, Makhema J, Shapiro RL. Neural-Tube Defects and Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 29;381(9):827-840. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31329379
Protease-inhibitor- based PEP regimen: Goldschmidt RH. CDC Releases Updated Guidelines for Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection Drug, or Other Nonoccupational Exposures to HIV. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Sep 1;94(5):392-3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27583430
Protease-inhibitor- based PEP regimen: Canadian guideline on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis. CMAJ. 2018 Jun 25;190(25):E782. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29941442

448. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin: (administration within 7 days): Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press; 2018.

449. Hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HCW-occupational prophylaxis): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/
Hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HCW-occupational prophylaxis): Moorhouse M, Bekker LG, Black V, Conradie F, Harley B, Howell P, Maartens G, Papavarnavas T, Rebe K, Sorour G, Venter F, Wallis CL. Guideline on the management of occupational and non-occupational exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for post-exposure prophylaxis: 2015 Update. South Afr J HIV Med. 2015 Nov 10;16(1):399. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29568597
Hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HCW-occupational prophylaxis): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines: Post exposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Hepatitis B Virus Infection. MMWR 2006,56(RR-16), Appendix B. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5516a3.htm?s_cid=rr5516a3_e
Hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HCW-occupational prophylaxis): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC level. Medicine review: Human Hepatitis B immunoglobulin for hepatitis exposure, March 2018. http://health.gov.za/

450. Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Carten ML, Kiser JJ, Kwara A, Mawhinney S, Cu-Uvin S. Pharmacokinetic interactions between the hormonal emergency contraception, levonorgestrel (Plan B), and Efavirenz. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2012;2012:137192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536010
Levonorgesterol, oral - emergency contraception (double dose): Tittle V, Bull L, Boffito M, Nwokolo N. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions between antiretrovirals and oral contraceptives. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015 Jan;54(1):23-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25331712

451. Azithromycin, oral (STI prophylaxis for children): Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010.MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Dec 17;59(RR-12):1-110. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011 Jan 14;60(1):18. Dosage error in article text. https://www.cdc.gov/
Metronidazole, oral (STI prophylaxis for children): Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010.MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Dec 17;59(RR-12):1-110. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011 Jan 14;60(1):18. Dosage error in article text. https://www.cdc.gov/
Ceftriaxone, IM (STI prophylaxis for children): Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010.MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Dec 17;59(RR-12):1-110. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011 Jan 14;60(1):18. Dosage error in article text. https://www.cdc.gov/

452. Hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HCW-occupational prophylaxis): National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Adult Hospital level STGs and EML, 2015. http://www.health.gov.za/
Hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HCW-occupational prophylaxis): Moorhouse M, Bekker LG, Black V, Conradie F, Harley B, Howell P, Maartens G, Papavarnavas T, Rebe K, Sorour G, Venter F, Wallis CL. Guideline on the management of occupational and non-occupational exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for post-exposure prophylaxis: 2015 Update. South Afr J HIV Med. 2015 Nov 10;16(1):399. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29568597
Hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HCW-occupational prophylaxis): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines: Post exposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Hepatitis B Virus Infection. MMWR 2006,56(RR-16), Appendix B. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5516a3.htm?s_cid=rr5516a3_e
Hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HCW-occupational prophylaxis): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC level. Medicine review: Human Hepatitis B immunoglobulin for hepatitis exposure, March 2018. http://health.gov.za/

453. Lidocaine 2% injection: National Department of Health, Essential Drugs Programme. Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

CHAPTER 22

454. Sennosides A and B, oral: University of Cape Town,Division of Clinical Pharmacology. South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. 2016.
Sennosides A and B, oral: Librach SL, Bouvette M, De Angelis C, Farley J, Oneschuk D, Pereira JL, Syme A; Canadian Consensus Development Group for Constipation in Patients with Advanced Progressive Illness. Consensus recommendations for the management of constipation in patients with advanced, progressive illness. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010 Nov;40(5):761-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075273

455. Lactulose, oral: Librach SL, Bouvette M, De Angelis C, Farley J, Oneschuk D, Pereira JL, Syme A; Canadian Consensus Development Group for Constipation in Patients with Advanced Progressive Illness. Consensus recommendations for the management of constipation in patients with advanced, progressive illness. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010 Nov;40(5):761-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075273

456. Sennosides A and B, oral AND lactulose: Librach SL, Bouvette M, De Angelis C, Farley J, Oneschuk D, Pereira JL, Syme A; Canadian Consensus Development Group for Constipation in Patients with Advanced Progressive Illness. Consensus recommendations for the management of constipation in patients with advanced, progressive illness. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010 Nov;40(5):761-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075273
Sennosides A and B, oral AND lactulose: Candy B, Jones L, Larkin PJ, Vickerstaff V, Tookman A, Stone P. Laxatives for the management of constipation in people receiving palliative care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 May 13;(5):CD003448. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25967924

457. Metoclopramide, oral (children): National Department of Health. Essential Drugs Programme: Paediatric Hospital Level STGs and EML, 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

458. Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): Salt S, Mulvaney CA, Preston NJ. Drug therapy for symptoms associated with anxiety in adult palliative care patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 18;5:CD004596. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28521070
Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): Baldwin D, Woods R, Lawson R, Taylor D. Efficacy of drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d1199. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21398351
Fluoxetine, oral (anxiety): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

459. SSRIs, oral (anxiety): SSRIs (Therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- PHC and Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: SSRIs, therapeutic class for anxiety and depression, October 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
SSRIs, oral (anxiety): Bandelow B, Reitt M, Rover C, Michaelis S, Gorlich Y, Wedekind D. Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;30(4):183-92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25932596
SSRIs, oral (anxiety): Mayo-Wilson E, Dias S, Mavranezouli I, Kew K, Clark DM, Ades AE, et al. Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):368-76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26361000
SSRIs, oral (anxiety): Stahl SM, Gergel I, Li D. Escitalopram in the treatment of panic disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Nov;64(11):1322-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658946
SSRIs, oral (anxiety): Thorlund K, Druyts E, Wu P, Balijepalli C, Keohane D, Mills E. Comparative efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in older adults: a network meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(5):1002-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25945410

460. Benzodiazepines, oral (anxiety): Salt S, Mulvaney CA, Preston NJ. Drug therapy for symptoms associated with anxiety in adult palliative care patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 18;5:CD004596. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28521070
Benzodiazepines, oral (anxiety): Bighelli I, Trespidi C, Castellazzi M, Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Girlanda F, et al. Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9:CD011567. 
Benzodiazepines, oral (anxiety): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

461. Benzodiazepines (caution): NICE. Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management, 26 January 2011. http://nice.org.uk/guidance/cg113
Benzodiazepines (caution): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.
Benzodiazepines, oral (caution): Picton JD, Marino AB, Nealy KL. Benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline in the elderly. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018 Jan 1;75(1):e6-e12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273607
Benzodiazepines, oral (caution): Brandt J, Leong C. Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs: An Updated Review of Major Adverse Outcomes Reported on in Epidemiologic Research. Drugs R D. 2017 Dec;17(4):493-507. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28865038
Benzodiazepines (caution – long-term use): Picton JD, Marino AB, Nealy KL. Benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline in the elderly. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018 Jan 1;75(1): e6-e12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273607
Benzodiazepines (caution – long-term use): Brandt J, Leong C. Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs: An Updated Review of Major Adverse Outcomes Reported on in Epidemiologic Research. Drugs R D. 2017 Dec;17(4):493-507. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28865038

462. Benzodiazepines (delirium): Grassi L, Caraceni A, Mitchell AJ, Nanni MG, Berardi MA, Caruso R, Riba M. Management of delirium in palliative care: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015 Mar;17(3):550. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25663153

463. Diazepam, IV (delirium – elderly, liver failure): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

464. Midazolam, oral (delirium – elderly, liver failure): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

465. Benzodiazepines (caution): NICE. Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management, 26 January 2011. http://nice.org.uk/guidance/cg113 Benzodiazepines (caution): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.
Benzodiazepines, oral (caution): Picton JD, Marino AB, Nealy KL. Benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline in the elderly. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018 Jan 1;75(1):e6-e12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273607
Benzodiazepines, oral (caution): Brandt J, Leong C. Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs: An Updated Review of Major Adverse Outcomes Reported on in Epidemiologic Research. Drugs R D. 2017 Dec;17(4):493-507. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28865038
Benzodiazepines (caution – long-term use): Picton JD, Marino AB, Nealy KL. Benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline in the elderly. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018 Jan 1;75(1): e6-e12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273607
Benzodiazepines (caution – long-term use): Brandt J, Leong C. Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs: An Updated Review of Major Adverse Outcomes Reported on in Epidemiologic Research. Drugs R D. 2017 Dec;17(4):493-507. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28865038

466. Fluoxetine, oral (depression): Magni LR, Purgato M, Gastaldon C, Papola D, Furukawa TA, Cipriani A, Barbui C. Fluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 17;(7):CD004185. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353997
Fluoxetine, oral (depression): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

467. SSRIs, oral (depression): SSRIs (Therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-PHC and Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: SSRIs, therapeutic class for anxiety and depression, October 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/
SSRIs, oral (depression): Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, Leucht S, Ruhe HG, Turner EH, Higgins JPT, Egger M, Takeshima N, Hayasaka Y, Imai H, Shinohara K, Tajika A, Ioannidis JPA, Geddes JR. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 7;391(10128):1357-1366. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29477251
SSRIs, oral (depression): Magni LR, Purgato M, Gastaldon C, Papola D, Furukawa TA, Cipriani A, Barbui C. Fluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 17;(7):CD004185. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353997
SSRIs, oral (depression): Thorlund K, Druyts E, Wu P, Balijepalli C, Keohane D, Mills E. Comparative efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in older adults: a network meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(5):1002-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25945410

468. Tricyclic antidepressants (note): University of Cape Town, Division of Clinical Pharmacology. South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. 2016.

469. Morphine syrup (Adults: palliative dyspnoea): Barnes H, McDonald J, Smallwood N, Manser R. Opioids for the palliation of refractory breathlessness in adults with advanced disease and terminal illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 31;3:CD011008. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27030166
Morphine syrup (Adults: palliative dyspnoea): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- PHC. Medicine Review: Morphine, oral for palliative dyspnoea in adults and children, September 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

470. Morphine syrup (Children: palliative dyspnoea): Johnston DL, Hentz TA, Friedman DL. Pediatric palliative care. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Oct;10(4):200-14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23118638
Morphine syrup (Children: palliative dyspnoea): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP- PHC. Medicine Review: Morphine, oral for palliative dyspnoea in adults and children, September 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare Level, 2020 Edition