Neobook — clinical reference

[1] ACTH, IM: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology.University of Cape Town. 2016.

[2] Hydrocortisone, IV: Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, Barthel A, Don-Wauchope A, Hammer GD, Husebye ES, Merke DP, Murad MH, Stratakis CA, Torpy DJ. Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Feb;101(2):364-89. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26760044

[3] Sodium chloride 0.9%, IV: The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

Dextrose 50%, IV: The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

Sodium chloride 0.9%/ dextrose 5%, IV: The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

[4] Corticosteroids, oral (intermediate-acting therapeutic class): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology.University of Cape Town. 2016.

[5] Fludrocortisone, oral: The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

[6] Hydrocortisone, IV: Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, Barthel A, Don-Wauchope A, Hammer GD, Husebye ES, Merke DP, Murad MH, Stratakis CA, Torpy DJ. Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Feb;101(2):364-89. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26760044

[7] Testosterone cypionate, IM: Fernández-Balsells MM, Murad MH, Lane M, Lampropulos JF, Albuquerque F, Mullan RJ, Agrwal N, Elamin MB, Gallegos-Orozco JF, Wang AT, Erwin PJ, Bhasin S, Montori VM. Clinical review 1: Adverse effects of testosterone therapy in adult men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;95(6):2560-75. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20525906

Testosterone cypionate, IM: Pfizer, MCC registered package insert: Depo-testosterone™, 31 January 2016.

[8] Dexamethasone, oral: Findling JW, Raff H, Aron DC. The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test: a reevaluation in patients with Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Mar;89(3):1222-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001614

[9] Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Review: HbA1c as a diagnostic test for diabetes, October 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: Wheeler E, Leong A, Liu CT, et al. Impact of common genetic determinants of Hemoglobin A1c on type 2 diabetes risk and diagnosis in ancestrally diverse populations: A transethnic genome-wide meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2017 Sep 12;14(9):e1002383. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28898252

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: Herman WH, Ma Y, Uwaifo G, et al. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Differences in A1C by race and ethnicity among patients with impaired glucose tolerance in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2453–2457. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17536077

[10] Monitoring of diabetes mellitus: The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

[11] Urine protein monitoring by dipstix: McFarlane P. Gilbert RE, MacCallum L, Senior P. Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 37 (2013) S129eS136.

Urine protein monitoring by dipstix: The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

Urine protein monitoring by dipstix: Noubiap JJ, Naidoo J, Kengne AP. Diabetic nephropathy in Africa: A systematic review. World J Diabetes. 2015 Jun 10;6(5):759-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26069725

Urine protein monitoring by dipstix: MR Davids, N Marais, JC Jacobs. South African Renal Registry. Annual Report 2012. South African Renal Society, Cape Town 2014. http://sa-renalsociety.org/registry/

[12] Metformin: Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications inoverweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group.Lancet. 1998 Sep 12;352(9131):854-65. Erratum in: Lancet1998 Nov 7;352(9139):1558. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9742977

Metformin: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology.University of Cape Town. 2016.

[13] Metformin (renal impairment): Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Canadian Diabetes Association 2013 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes 2013;37(suppl 1):S1-S212. http://guidelines.diabetes.ca/app_themes/cdacpg/resources/cpg_2013_full_en.pdf

Metformin (renal impairment): The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management Clinical Guideline, 2 December 2015. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28

Metformin (renal impairment): Aronoff, Bennett et al. Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure: Dosing Guidelines for Adults and Children, 5th Edition. American College of Physicians.United States of America, 2007. Metformin (renal impairment): Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE. Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jun;34(6):1431-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617112

Metformin (renal impairment): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology.University of Cape Town. 2016.

[14] Glimepiride: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

[15] Sulfonylureas: Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Kivistö KT. Effects of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide and glipizide. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Jun;69(6):400-6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11406737

[16] Insulin, biphasic, SC (starting dose): The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

[17] Insulin therapy (Type 2 diabetes mellitus): The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

[18] ACE-inhibitor:ACEI (ACE Inhibitors in Diabetic Nephropathy Trialist Group). Should all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria receive angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors? A meta‐analysis of individual patient data. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001;134(5): 370–379. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11242497

[19] Enalapril, oral (maximum daily dose of 40 mg): Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press; 2018.

[20] Home blood glucose monitoring:Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff DC, Bigger JT, Buse JB, Cushman WC, Genuth S, Ismail-Beigi F, Grimm RH. et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med.2008;358(24):2545–2559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539917

Home blood glucose monitoring:Östgren CJ, Sundström J, Svennblad B, Lohm L, Nilsson PM, Johansson G. Associations of HbA1c and educational level with risk of cardiovascular events in 32,871 drug-treated patients with Type 2 diabetes: a cohort study in primary care. Diabet Med. 2013 May;30(5):e170-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350893

[21] Dextrose 50%, IV: Moore C, Woollard M. Dextrose 10% or 50% in the treatment of hypoglycaemia out of hospital? A randomised controlled trial. Emerg Med J. 2005 Jul;22(7):512-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15983093

[22] Dextrose 5%, IV: The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

Dextrose 5% in sodium chloride 0.9%, IV: The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

[23] Enoxaparin: Wein L, Wein S, Haas SJ, Shaw J, Krum H. Pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jul 23;167(14):1476-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17646601

[24] HMGCoA reductase inhibitor (indications - CKD, albuminuria): Hou W, Lv J, Perkovic V, Yang L, Zhao N, Jardine MJ, Cass A, Zhang H, Wang H. Effect of statin therapy on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2013 Jun;34(24):1807-17. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23470492

HMGCoA reductase inhibitor (indications - CKD, albuminuria): Qin X, Dong H, Fang K, Lu F. The effect of statins on renal outcomes in patients with diabetic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2017 Sep;33(6). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28477396

[25] Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. www.health.gov.za/

Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804

Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608

[26] Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Chastain DB, Stover KR, Riche DM. Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2017 Feb 22;8:6-14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29067253

Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): National Department of Health. Affordable Medicines, EDP-Primary Health Care. Cost-effectiveness analysis of high, intermediate, and low dose statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 31 January 2018. www.health.gov.za/

Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. The Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670-81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804

Atorvastatin 10 mg, oral (secondary prevention of ischaemic events – patients on protease inhibitors): Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Ades A. Dose-comparative effects of different statins on serum lipid levels: a network meta-analysis of 256,827 individuals in 181 randomized controlled trials. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013; 20(4): 658-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529608

Atorvastatin, oral (drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors): University of Liverpool. HIV drug interaction database. https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/

[27] Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): Nishio S, Watanabe H, Kosuge K, Uchida S, Hayashi H, Ohashi K. Interaction between amlodipine and simvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2005;28(3):223–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16097365

Simvastatin 40 mg, oral (amlodipine drug interaction): Son H, Lee D, Lim LA, Jang SB, Roh H, Park K. Development of a pharmacokinetic interaction model for co-administration of simvastatin and amlodipine. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2014;29(2):120–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965645

[28] High dose statins (management of adverse drug reactions): NICE: Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Clinical guideline, 18 July 2014. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181

[29] Aspirin: DeBerardis G, Sacco M, Strippoli GF, Pellegrini F, Graziano G, Tognoni G, Nicolucci A. Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2009 Nov6;339:b4531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897665

[30] Bisphosphonates, IV (therapeutic grouping): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Bisphosphonates, therapeutic class for hypercalcaemia, including primary hyperparathyroidism, September 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

Bisphosphonates, IV (therapeutic grouping): Ross JR, Saunders Y, Edmonds PM, Patel S, Wonderling D, Normand C, Broadley K. A systematic review of the role of bisphosphonates in metastatic disease. Health Technol Assess. 2004;8(4):1-176. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14960258

Zoledronic acid, IV (dosing): The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S196. http://www.jemdsa.co.za/index.php/JEMDSA/article/view/647/937

Zoledronic acid, IV (dosing): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2016.

[31] Corticosteroids, oral (intermediate-acting therapeutic class): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology.University of Cape Town. 2016.

[32] Calcium gluconate 10%, infusion (serum calcium <2 mmol/L): Tohme JF, Bilezikian JP. Diagnosis and treatment of hypocalcaemic emergencies. The Endocrinologist. 1996; 10-18.
http://journals.lww.com/theendocrinologist/Abstract/1996/01000/Diagnosis_and_Treatment_of_Hypocalcemic.3.aspx

[33] Hypothyroidism in pregnancy: Vadiveloo T, Mires GJ, Donnan PT, Leese GP. Thyroid testing in pregnant women with thyroid dysfunction in Tayside, Scotland: the thyroid epidemiology, audit and research study (TEARS). ClinEndocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78:466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22548296

Hypothyroidism in pregnancy: Yassa L, Marqusee E, Fawcett R, Alexander EK. Thyroid hormone early adjustment in pregnancy (the THERAPY) trial. J ClinEndocrinolMetab 2010; 95:3234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20463094

Hypothyroidism in pregnancy: Alexander EK, Marqusee E, Lawrence J, Jarolim P, Fischer GA, Larsen PR. Timing and magnitude of increases in levothyroxine requirements during pregnancy in women with hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 15;351(3):241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15254282

Hypothyroidism in pregnancy: Abalovich M, Gutierrez S, Alcaraz G, Maccallini G, Garcia A, Levalle O. Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. Thyroid. 2002 Jan;12(1):63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11838732

[34] Limited alcohol intake (osteoporosis): Kanis JA, Johansson H, Johnell O, Oden A, De Laet C, Eisman JA, Pols H, Tenenhouse A. Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Jul;16(7):737-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15455194

[35] Vitamin D, oral (dosing): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

[36] Calcium: Bolland MJ, Leung W, Tai V, Bastin S, Gamble GD, Grey A, Reid IR. Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review. BMJ. 2015 Sep 29;351:h4580. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26420387

Vitamin D: Bolland MJ, Leung W, Tai V, Bastin S, Gamble GD, Grey A, Reid IR. Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review. BMJ. 2015 Sep 29;351:h4580. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26420387

[37] Bisphosphonates, oral (therapeutic class): Davis S, Martyn-St James M, Sanderson J, Stevens J, Goka E, Rawdin A, et al. A systematic review and economic evaluation of bisphosphonates for the prevention of fragility fractures. Health Technol Assess 2016;20(78). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27801641

Bisphosphonates, oral (therapeutic class): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Bisphosphonates, oral therapeutic class for secondary prevention of fragility fractures, 31 October 2017. http://www.health.gov.za/

Bisphosphonates, oral (primary prevention of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss): Allen CS, Yeung JH, Vandermeer B, Homik J. Bisphosphonates for steroid-induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 5;10:CD001347. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27706804

[38] Bisphosphonates, oral (therapeutic class): Davis S, Martyn-St James M, Sanderson J, Stevens J, Goka E, Rawdin A, et al. A systematic review and economic evaluation of bisphosphonates for the prevention of fragility fractures. Health Technol Assess 2016;20(78). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27801641

[39] Desmopressin, oral/IV/SC/nasal spray: Oiso Y, Robertson GL, Nørgaard JP, and Juul KV. Treatment of Neurohypophyseal Diabetes Insipidus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: 3958–3967, 2013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23884783

Desmopressin, oral/IV/SC/nasal spray: British National Formulary, March 2017-September 2018. https://www.bnf.org/

[40] Doxazosin: van der Zee PA, de Boer A. Pheochromocytoma: a review on preoperative treatment with phenoxybenzamine or doxazosin. Neth J Med. 2014 May;72(4):190-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24829175

[41] β-blockers (after adequate α-blockade): Lenders JW, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grebe SK, Murad MH, Naruse M, Pacak K, Young WF Jr, Endocrine Society. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jun;99(6):1915-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24893135

[42] Atenolol, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

[43] Corticosteroids, oral (intermediate-acting therapeutic class): South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology.University of Cape Town. 2016.

[44] Carbimazole: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2016.

Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2024 Edition

References - Endocrine System

Drugs mentioned