Guidelines

34 entries

NDoH Hospital-level paediatric STG

Delayed Hypersensitivity ReactionsDescription General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral See Erythema multiforme See Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/Toxic epidermal necrosis (TEN) See Drug reactions DESCRIPTION Broad spectrum of clinical manifestations involving different organs, including liver, kidneys and skin. Cutaneous reactions are most prevalent and range from maculopapular or morbilliform→
Depression - Paediatric Palliative CareDescription General and supportive treatment Medicine and treatment ICD-10 code: F32-34 DESCRIPTION Low mood in children and adolescents who become aware of their impending death is often congruent and appropriate and does not always warrant treatment. However, around 10 to 30% of chronically ill children are depressed. DSM 5 criteria instruct clinicians to exclude “symptoms that are c→
Depression in Childhood and AdolescenceDepression in Children and Adolescence→
Diabetes InsipidusDescription Diagnostic Criteria Medicine Treatment Referral ICD-10 Code: E23.2 / N25.1 DESCRIPTION Suspect diabetes insipidus in any child with polydipsia and polyuria. Infants may present with failure to thrive. Central diabetes insipidus is due to deficiency of antidiuretic hormone. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurs if the kidney is unable to respond to antidiuretic hormone. DIAGNOSTIC CRIT→
Diabetes MellitusDESCRIPTION A syndrome of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, associated with a relative or absolute impairment of insulin secretion with varying degrees of peripheral resistance to the action of insulin. Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 7: Endocrine, 7.5 Diabetes Mellitus Click here for 7.5.1→
Diabetes Mellitus in AdolescentsDescription General and supportive measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 Code: E10 DESCRIPTION Adolescence is the period between 10 to 19 years of age. The adolescent and the transition should be managed with special planning, i.e.: the admission policy of the hospital, observing the wishes of the adolescent, emotional and physical maturity considerations, and the presence of any co-existing medical→
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Dependent: Acute ComplicationsStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 7: Endocrine, 7.5 Diabetes Mellitus, 7.5.2 Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Dependent: Acute Complications Click here for 7.5.2.1 Cerebral Oedema In Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Click here for 7.5.2.2 Diabetic Ketoacidosis Click here for 7.5.2.3 Hypoglycaemia In Diabe→
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1Description Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 Code: E10 DESCRIPTION Most diabetic children have type 1 diabetes, and: have auto-immune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells as the underlying cause, have an absolute requirement for insulin therapy, will develop diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) if not given insulin. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA The followin→
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Description Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 Code: E11 DESCRIPTION Type 2 diabetes develops when insulin secretion cannot meet the increased demand posed by insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes may be associated with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, acanthosis nigricans, ovarian hyperandrogenism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (features of insulin re→
Diabetic KetoacidosisDiabetic Ketoacidosis→
Diabetic KetoacidosisSee: Diabetic ketoacidosis Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 23: Paediatric Intensive Care, 23.6 Electrolyte Abnormalities, 23.6.9 Diabetic Ketoacidosis→
Diabetic NephropathyDiabetic Nephropathy→
Diarrhoea, AcuteDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: A09.0 DESCRIPTION Diarrhoea is a serious common childhood illness evidenced by the passing of frequent profuse loose watery stools. Vomiting may or may not be present. Diarrhoeal disease is often caused by viral infection but may be due to bacterial infection, dietary or other causes. De→
Diarrhoea, Chronic Other Than Post InfectiousDescription Diagnostic criteria Referral ICD-10 code: K52.9 DESCRIPTION Chronic diarrhoea: diarrhoea for longer than two weeks. Chronic diarrhoea results in significant morbidity and mortality associated with poor nutrition. Chronic diarrhoea is most frequently due to: Temporary loss of disaccharidase activity in the intestinal microvillous brush border, e.g. lactase loss; or lu→
Dilated CardiomyopathyDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: I42.0 DESCRIPTION Dilated cardiomyopathy is a clinical diagnosis characterised by dilation and impaired contraction of the left or both ventricles that is not explained by abnormal loading conditions. It is difficult and sometimes impossible to distinguish myocarditis from dilated cardio→
DiphtheriaDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: A36.9 * Notifiable condition Telephone Hotline NICD hotline (24 hours) 082 883 9920 National Institute of Communicable Diseases 011 555 0327 or 011 555 0352 DESCRIPTION Diphtheria is an acute, communicable infection of the upper respiratory tract, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae .→
Disorders of PubertyDisorders of Puberty→
Disorders of Sex Development (DSD)Description Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 Code: Q52.9/Q55.9 DESCRIPTION The current terminology for neonates or children presenting with incomplete differentiation of the external genitalia is “disorder of sexual development”. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Clinical DSDs present with one or more of the following: varying degrees of hypospadias, maldes→
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)→
Disseminated Intravascular CoagulationDescription Diagnostic criteria Medicine management Referral ICD-10 code: D65 DESCRIPTION Complication of an underlying condition, e.g. severe sepsis that is characterized by widespread activation of the clotting cascade leading to consumption of platelets and clotting factors with generalized bleeding. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Investigations Prolonged INR and PTT. Thrombocytopaenia. Decreased f→
Drug AllergiesDescription Classification Diagnosis ICD-10 code: T88.7 DESCRIPTION Drug allergy is an immune-mediated reaction to the drug. Reactions are idiosyncratic and, unlike side effects, cannot be predicted by physiological action of the pharmaceutical agent. Common drugs involved include penicillin, sulphonamides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticonvulsants, and chemotherapeutic agents. CLASS→
Drug ReactionsGeneral and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: L27.0 Commonly associated with: sulphur-containing agents, penicillin, antiepileptics (e.g. carbamazepine, lamotrigine), NSAIDs, anti-tuberculosis drugs, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. A variety of rashes may occur, including: erythema multiforme (see Erythema Multiforme ) urticarial eruptio→
Drug Resistant TB (DR-TB)ICD-10 code: U84.3 See the National Department of Health Clinical Reference Guide: Management of Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis , 2019. Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 10: Tuberculosis, 10.7 Drug Resistant TB (DR-TB)→
Drug-Related AnaphylaxisICD-10 code: L88.6 See: Emergencies and Trauma, Anaphylaxis/Anaphylactic reactions. Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 25: Drug Allergies, 24.2 Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions, 24.2.1 Drug-Related Anaphylaxis→
Drug-Related AngioedemaDescription General and Supportive Measures Medicine Treatment Referral ICD-10 code: T78.3 DESCRIPTION Local swelling of skin and/or mucosal tissue. May occur in isolation or together with urticaria or anaphylaxis. It must be distinguished from recurrent non-pruritic angioedema which has a hereditary component and does not respond to the treatment below. Complement C4 and C1 esterase inhibi→
Drug-Related UrticariaICD-10 code: L50.9 See: Dermatology, Urticaria . Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 25: Drug Allergies, 24.2 Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions, 24.2.2 Drug-Related Urticaria→
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)→
DysenteryDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: A03.9 DESCRIPTION Passage of blood and mucus in the stools. Shigella infection is the most common serious cause in children in South Africa. Complications include: dehydration, convulsions, shock, toxic megacolon, acidosis, rectal prolapse, renal failure, haemolytic uraemic syndrome. DIA→
Dysfunctional BladderDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Referral ICD-10 code: N31 DESCRIPTION Abnormalities of filling or emptying of the bladder, i.e. underactive or overactive bladder. Aetiology may be neurogenic, anatomical or functional. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Clinical features include: Daytime frequency Incontinence Urgency Nocturia Hesitancy Straining Weak stream Dysuria Holding→
DyslipidaemiaICD-10 code: E78.9 See: Dyslipidaemia Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 4: Cardiovascular System , 4.10 Dyslipidaemia→
DyslipidaemiaDyslipidaemia (E78.9)→
Dysnatraemias In ICURapid changes in serum sodium are more likely to be symptomatic. Slow changes should be corrected slowly: Hypernatremia – risk of cerebral oedema. Hyponatremia – risk of central pontine myelinolysis. Hyponatraemia Defined as serum Na < 135 mmol/L Disorder of water balance, excess total body water relative to electrolytes. Caused by increased renal water reabsorption in response to ADH, along w→
Dyspnoea - Paediatric Palliative CareDescription General and supportive measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 code: R06.0 DESCRIPTION A subjective feeling of breathlessness, when breathing becomes unpleasant, difficult and tiresome. GENERAL AND SUPPORTIVE MEASURES Find the position in which the patient is most comfortable: upright, semifowlers or prone. In patients with large effusions: position with the bad lung down to allow fo→
Dystonia/ Muscle Spasms/ Spasticity - Paediatric Palliative CareDescription General and supportive treatment Medication and treatment Referral DESCRIPTION Dystonia A movement disorder caused by diseases of the basal ganglia, in which involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements as well as abnormal posturing that is often painful. Dystonia can be a primary disorder (e.g. brain tumours, metabolic conditions,→