Guidelines
39 entriesNDoH Hospital-level paediatric STG
- RabiesDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment to prevent infection Referral ICD-10 code: A82.9 *Notifiable condition. (Inform state veterinarian or local veterinary official.) DESCRIPTION A viral infection of the central nervous system following transmission of the rabies virus from the saliva of affected animals through bites or contamination of mucosa→
- Raised Intracranial PressureRaised Intracranial Pressure→
- Rapid Sequence Intubation (RSI)Description Medicine treatment Healthcare professionals engaged in intensive care must undergo appropriate training, with junior doctors working under appropriate supervision. Endotracheal intubation should usually be performed using the rapid sequence technique and must be undertaken by the most experienced clinician during emergencies. For Neonatal Care see: Prematurity and Neonatal Conditions.→
- Recurrent Abdominal PainDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: R10.4 DESCRIPTION Recurrent abdominal pain for which no cause can be found occurring at least monthly for 3 consecutive months with severity that interferes with routine function of the child. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Clinical Peri-umbilical pain associated with belching, bloating with negative fin→
- Recurrent PneumoniaDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive management Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: J18.9 DESCRIPTION Recurrence of parenchymal and bronchial airways infection clinically and radiologically after a similar episode had completely resolved during that year. Must be distinguished from persistent pneumonia where there is clinical non-recovery of parenchymal ± bronchial in→
- References1 G C White 2nd, Rosendaal F, Aledort LM, Lusher JM, Rothschild C, Ingerslev J0; Factor VIII and Factor IX Subcommittee. Definitions in hemophilia. Recommendation of the scientific subcommittee on factor VIII and factor IX of the scientific and standardization committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Mar;85(3):560. 2 South African National Blood S→
- References - Adolescence1. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996. Section 28(3). Children’s Act 38 of 2005. Section 1. Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 24 Adolescence, References→
- References - Alimentary TractReferences→
- References - Anaestheticstandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, Updated for the 2023 Edition→
- References - Cardiovascular SystemAdenosine Dose: South African Medicines Formulary (SAMF), 13th Edition. Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town. 2020. Kleinman ME, et.al. Pediatric Life Support: Part 14. Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010; 122: S876-S908. Barrington KJ. The Myth of a Minimum Dose for Atropine. Pediatrics. 2011;1→
- References - Child and Adolescent PsychiatryReferences - Child and Adolescent Psychiatry→
- References - DermatologyReferences: Flucloxacillin dose: The British National Formulary for Children 2014-2015. BMJ Group, Pharmaceutical Press, RCPCH Publication Ltd. AND South African Medicines Formulary. 11th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2014 Cetirizine: South African Medicines Formulary. 11th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2014. Psoriasis→
- References - Drug AllergiesReferences - Drug Allergies→
- References - Ear, Nose and ThroatReferences - Ear, Nose and Throat→
- References - Emergencies And Trauma Kartha GB, Rameshkumar R, Mahadevan S. Randomized Double-blind Trial or Ringers Lactate versus Normal Saline in Pediatric Acute Severe Diarrheal Dehydration. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2017, (6):621-626. Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 1: Emergencies and Trauma, 1.1 Paedi→
- References - Endocrine SystemReferences→
- References - Eye Conditions1. Aciclovir: Wilhelmus KR. (2015). Antiviral treatment and other therapeutic interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 1, CD002898. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002898.pub5 2. White ML, Chodosh J. Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis: A Treatment Guideline. Hoskins Center for Quality Eye Care and American Academy of Ophthalmology We→
- References - HIVSouth African National Department of Health. 2023 Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Guidelines for the Management of HIV in Adults, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Adolescents, Children, Infants and Neonates. April 2023. Nielsen-Saines K, et. al. Three Postpartum Antiretroviral Regimens to prevent Intrapartum HIV infection. NEJM. 2012;366:2368-2379. Capparelli EV, and Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Gr→
- References - Infective/Infectious Disease1. Fluconazole dose: South African Medicines Formulary. 12th Edition. 2016. 2. Artesunate, IV (dosing for < 20 kg): Hendriksen IC, Mtove G, Kent A, Gesase S, Reyburn H, Lemnge MM, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artesunate in African children with severe malaria: implications for a practical dosing regimen. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013 May;93(5):443-50. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm→
- References - Intensive Care and AnaestheticsMocan M, Terheș L, Blaga S. Difficulties in the diagnosis and management of hyponatremia. Medicine and Pharmacy Reports [Internet]. 28Oct.2016 [cited 14Sep.2022];89(4):464-9. Available from: https://medpharmareports.com/index.php/mpr/article/view/619 Schapkaitz E, Sherman GC, Jacobson BF, Haas S, Buller HR, Davies V, et al. Paediatric anticoagulation guidelines. S Afr J Med. 2012;102(3):171-175 S→
- References - Nephrological / Urological DisordersMorphine Dose: South African Medicines Formulary (SAMF), 12th Edition. Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town. 2016. Michael M, Hodson EM, Craig JC, Martin S, Moyer VA. Short compared with standard duration of antibiotic treatment for urinary tract infection: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Arch Dis Child. 2002; 87: 118-12→
- References - Palliative CareLoperamide dose: South African Medicines Formulary (SAMF), 12th Edition. Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town. 2016. Association for Paediatric Palliative Medicine Formulary available from URL. https://www.appm.org.uk/_webedit/uploadedfiles/All%20Files/Event%20Resources/2020%20APPM%20Master%20Formulary%202020%20pro tected.pdf A comparative analysis of ceti→
- References - PoisoningChyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position paper: single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005;43(2):61–87. Thanacoody R, Caravati EM, Troutman B, Hojer J, Benson B, Hoppu K et al. Position paper update: whole bowel irrigation for gastrointestinal decontamination of ov→
- References - Respiratory System1 World Health Organisation. Revised WHO classification and treatment of childhood pneumonia at health facilities. Evidence Summaries. WHO Library. 2014. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/137319/9789241507813_eng.pdf;jsessionid=DC9 BAB4C398AE239AE3110330E619294?sequence=1 Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023→
- References - Rheumatology and VasculitidesBritish Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology. Guidelines for Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAIDs) use in Paediatric Rheumatology. 2005. Keser G, Direskeneli H, Aksu K. Management of Takayasu Arteritis: A Systematic Review. Rheumatology. 2014;53: 793-801. Petty RE, Laxer RM, Lindsley CB et al. Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology 7th edition, 2016, Elsevier. Ozen S, Pistorio A,→
- References - Surgical ProphylaxisReferences Bratzler DW, et. al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2013; 70:195-283. Steinberg JP, C et. al. Timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infection: results from the Trial to Reduce Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Errors. Ann Surg. 2009; 250:10-6. Soriano A, et. al. Timing of antibiotic prophylax→
- References - The Nervous SystemReferences→
- References - Tuberculosis - Paediatric STGTurkova A, Wills GH, Wobudeya E, Chabala C, Palmer A, Kinikar S. Shorter Treatment of Nonsevere Tuberculosis in African and Indian Children. NEJM. 2022, 386 (10): 911- 922. 2 National Department of Health. Management of Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis. November 2019. https://www.health.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/managementof-rifampicin-resistant-tb-booklet-1219-v6.pdf Standard Treatment→
- References for Pain Control1. South African Society of Anaesthesiologists (SASA) Paediatric Sedation Guidelines for Procedural Sedation and Analgesia. South Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2016, 22(1) (supplementary 5). https://painsa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Untitledattachment-00037.pdf Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa Adult Hospital _Chapter 20: Pain Control;2023, 5th edition→
- Respiratory Distress in the NewbornDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: P22.9 DESCRIPTION Newborn experiencing difficulty with breathing. Causes of respiratory distress include: Pulmonary causes Extrapulmonary causes - respiratory distress syndrome (surfactant deficiency), - meconium aspiration, - pneumonia, - pneumothorax, - transient tachypnoea of newborn→
- Respiratory Panic - Paediatric Palliative CareDescription General and supportive care Medicine treatment DESCRIPTION Sudden onset of severe respiratory distress sometimes experienced with an end of life event such as pulmonary embolus, pneumothorax, pulmonary oedema, SVC syndrome, upper airway obstruction, and bleed into CNS tumour. GENERAL AND SUPPORTIVE CARE Remain calm and provide reassurance. Position in semi-fowlers position. Gentle suc→
- Resuscitation of the ChildA structured approach to the seriously ill or injured child can rapidly optimise their outcome. Estimation of weight in children is inaccurate and they should be weighed as soon as stabilised. The PAWPER tape allows for consideration of body habitus when estimating weight and can be used as an alternative to the formulae provided (in diagram below). The following is a diagrammatic overview→
- Resuscitation of the NewbornBe prepared! Be at the delivery! Check the equipment and emergency medicines! Ask 3 questions to evaluate the infant: Is there good tone? Is the infant breathing adequately and not just gasping? Is the heart rate above 100 beats per minute? If the answer to all three questions is ‘yes’, the newborn does not need resuscitation. If the answer to any of the three questions is ‘no’, the newborn needs→
- Retinopathy of PrematuritySee: Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP). Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 19: Prematurity And Neonatal Conditions, 19.3 Prematurity/preterm Neonate, 19.3.3 Retinopathy Of Prematurity→
- Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)Description Time of screening Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: H35.1 DESCRIPTION ROP is a potentially preventable cause of blindness. ROP is classified into five stages, ranging from mild (stage I) to severe (stage V): Stage I – Mildly abnormal blood vessel growth. Many children who develop stage I improve with no treatment and eventually develop normal vision. The disease res→
- Rheumatic Fever, AcuteDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: I01.9 * Notifiable condition. DESCRIPTION Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory condition that may follow a throat infection with group A streptococci. It is an important cause of acquired heart disease with significant morbidity and mortality rates, both in the acute phase of the dis→
- Rhinitis, Allergic/Allergic RhinosinusitisRhinitis, allergic/allergic rhinosinositis→
- Rhinosinusitis, Acute Bacterial (ABRS)Description Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 code: J01 DESCRIPTION Inflammation or infection of one or more of the sinuses that occurs most often after a viral infection or with allergic rhinitis. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Child with an acute upper respiratory tract infection presenting with: persistent illness (nasal discharge, facial pain/pressure, or dayt→
- RicketsDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: E55.0 DESCRIPTION Failure to calcify osteoid tissue in a growing child, usually due to deficiency of vitamin D, its active metabolites, calcium, phosphorus or other rare causes. This leads to bone deformity. Occurs in ex-premature babies during infancy and in children with developmental→