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Aciclovir

Nucleoside analogueAntiviral

Indications

These indications are based on manufacturer information for both originator and generic products. For product specific registered indications, please refer to product specific manufacturer information

Registered South African indications: 

Oral formulations

  • Treatment of initial and recurrent herpes simplex infections of the skin and mucous membranes, including initial and recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients
  • Suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex infections in immunocompetent patients
  • Prophylaxis of herpes simplex infections in immunocompromised patients
  • Treatment of herpes zoster (shingles) infections if the lesions are not older than 72 hours
  • Treatment of varicella-zoster (chickenpox) infection within 24 hours after appearance of the typical chickenpox lesions 
  • Reduction of mortality and risk of developing herpes virus infections in certain severely immunocompromised patients, namely those with advanced HIV disease (CD4+ counts <200/mm3 including patients with AIDS or ARC) or following bone marrow transplantation
  • Post bone-marrow transplantation oral aciclovir must be preceded by one month’s intravenous treatment with aciclovir

Intravenous formulations

  • Treatment and prophylaxis of herpes simplex infections in immunocompromised patients
  • Treatment of varicella zoster infections in immunocompromised patients
    - Chickenpox prophylaxis and therapy of pneumonial complications
    - Shingles if the lesions are not older than 72 hours
  • Treatment of herpes simplex infections in the neonate
  • Treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis
  • Prevention of reactivation of cytomegalovirus infection in seropositive patients following bone marrow transplantation

Contraindications (ZA)

Registered South African contraindications

  • Hypersensitivity to the active ingredient or any of its excipients
  • Hypersensitivity to valaciclovir
  • Pregnancy (tab)
  • Lactation (tab)

Contraindications

Contraindications registered in other jurisdictions

  • Hypersensitivity to the active ingredient or any of its excipients
  • Hypersensitivity to valaciclovir

Warnings & precautions

  • Pregnancy (dsp, sus, inj) (South African recommendations)
  • Pregnancy (Recommendations in other jurisdictions)
  • Breastfeeding (dsp, sus, inj) (South African recommendations) 
  • Breastfeeding (Recommendations in other jurisdictions)
  • Renal impairment
  • Hepatic impairment
  • Elderly
  • High doses
  • Prolonged or repeated courses (in severely immunocompromised patients)
  • Dehydration
  • Underlying neurological abnormalities
  • Coadministration with nephrotoxic agents
  • Contact with eyes or unprotected skin (inj)
  • Fructose intolerance (sus)

Adult dosage (ZA)

Forms avail. in SA and covered in this monograph: dsp, sus, tab, inj, inf, poi

Dosages below include:

  • South African Standard Treatment Guidelines indications and dosages
  • South African registered indications and dosages

Infections caused by: Herpes simplex virus types I and II; Varicella zoster virus

Specific doses based on individual indications

Please note that the dosages below should be used in combination with regional guidelines, taking into account local antibiotic sensitivities

South African Standard Treatment Guidelines indications and dosages

Recurrent genital Herpes simplex infections

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 400mg, 12hrly
    (STG, Adult 2019)

Herpes simplex infections of the mouth and lips
- Extensive oral herpes

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 400mg, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, PHC 2020)

Herpes simplex encephalitis

  • IV: 10mg/kg, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 14 days
    (STG, Adult 2019)

Herpes simplex encephalitis in immunocompromised patients

  • IV: 10mg/kg, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 21 days
    (STG, Adult 2019)

Herpes simplex
- Extensive herpes, eczema herpeticum or chronic mucocutaneous ulcerations
- Chronic herpes simplex ulcers

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 400mg, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, PHC 2020)

Varicella zoster infections (Chickenpox) 

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 800mg, 6hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, PHC 2020)

Complicated varicella (Chickenpox) 

  • IV: 10mg/kg, given as an infusion over 1hr, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days

For varicella without neurological involvement, when the patient’s clinical condition improves, the 7-day course can be completed with (Antiviral active against varicella zoster):

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 800mg, 5 times dly (Given 4hrly, except for dose scheduled for the middle of the night); Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, Adult, January 2025)

Herpes zoster infections (Shingles)

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 800mg, 5 times dly (Given 4hrly, except for dose scheduled for the middle of the night); Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, Adult, January 2025)

Herpes zoster with secondary dissemination or neurologicall/complicated eye involvement (i.e. complicated herpes zoster ophthalmicus e.g. acute retinal necrosis (ARN), optic neuropathy or orbitopathy)

  • IV: 10mg/kg, given as an infusion over 1hr, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days

The course can be completed with:

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 800mg, 5 times dly; Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, Adult, January 2025)

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 800mg, 5 times dly (4hrly while awake); Treatment duration: 7-10 days
    (STG, Adult, September 2024)

Herpes simplex keratitis

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 400mg, 5 times, dly; Treatment duration: 10-14 days
    (STG, Adult, September 2024)

Eczema herpeticum

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 400mg, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days

- Unable to swallow due to odynophagia

  • IV: 5mg/kg, given as an infusion over 1hr, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, Adult 2019)

Genital ulcer syndrome (If HIV positive or unknown HIV status) (Additional agent required)
Management of >1 STI syndrome
- Genital ulcer syndrome + vaginal discharge syndrome (Additional agent required)
- Lower abdominal pain + genital ulcer syndrome (Additional agent required)
- Male urethritis syndrome + genital ulcer syndrome (Additional agent required)
- Scrotal swelling + genital ulcer syndrome (Additional agent required)

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 400mg, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, PHC 2020)

South African registered indications and dosages

Oral formulations

Treatment of initial and recurrent herpes simplex infections of the skin and mucous membranes, including initial and recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 200mg, 4hrly (5 times a day omitting the night time dose); Treatment duration: 5 days, in severe infections, the duration of treatment can be extended 

- In severely immunocompromised patients or in patients with impaired gastro-intestinal absorption

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): Dose may be increased: 400mg, 5 times a day alternatively IV admin. may be considered

Treatment should be initiated as early as possible after the start of an infection, or in the case of recurrent episodes, treatment should be started during the prodromal period or when lesions first appear


Suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex infections in immunocompetent patients

  • Oral (dsp, sus): 200mg, 6hrly OR 400mg, 12hrly OR 200mg, 8hrly or 12hrly may be adequate for some patients; Breakthrough infections on total daily doses of 800mg may be experienced with some patients

Therapy should be periodically interrupted at intervals of 6-12 months, in order to observe possible changes in the natural history of the disease


Prophylaxis of herpes simplex infections in immunocompromised patients

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 200mg, 6hrly

- In severely immunocompromised patients (e.g. after marrow transplant) or in patients with impaired gastro-intestinal absorption

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): Dose may be increased: 400mg, 4 times a day OR change to IV admin.; The duration of prophylactic administration is determined by the duration of the period at risk

Treatment of herpes zoster (shingles) infections if the lesions are not older than 72 hours
Treatment of varicella-zoster (chickenpox) infection within 24 hours after appearance of the typical chickenpox lesions 

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 800mg, 5 times a day (omitting the night time dose); Treatment duration: 7 days

Intravenous administration should be considered for severely immunocompromised patients (e.g. after marrow transplant) or in patients with impaired gastro-intestinal absorption


Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible after the rash appears. Intravenous administration may be considered if necessary


Reduction of mortality and risk of developing herpes virus infections in certain severely immunocompromised patients, namely those with advanced HIV disease (CD4+ counts <200/mm3 including patients with AIDS or ARC) or following bone marrow transplantation

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 800mg, 6hrly

In patients with advanced HIV disease, aciclovir tablets has been used in conjunction with oral zidovudine


Post bone-marrow transplantation oral aciclovir must be preceded by one month’s intravenous treatment with aciclovir

Bone marrow recipients should receive IV aciclovir 500mg/m2, 3 times daily for one month prior to receiving oral therapy, then (see IV dosing information):

  • Oral (dsp, sus): 800mg, 6hrly; Treatment duration: 6 months from 1-7 months post transplant and 12 months in patients with advanced HIV disease

The dispersible tablet must be dispersed in 50ml of water or swallowed whole with a little water and may be taken with or without meals
Do not dilute the oral suspension


Intravenous formulations

Treatment and prophylaxis of herpes simplex infections in immunocompromised patients

  • IV: 5mg/kg bodyweight, 8hrly; Treatment duration: Usually 5 days, may be adjusted according to the patient's condition and response to therapy

The duration of prophylactic administration of aciclovir IV is determined by the duration of the period at risk


Treatment of varicella zoster infections in immunocompromised patients
- Chickenpox prophylaxis and therapy of pneumonial complications
- Shingles if the lesions are not older than 72 hours

  • IV: 10mg/kg bodyweight, 8hrly; Treatment duration: Usually 5 days, may be adjusted according to the patient's condition and response to therapy

Treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis in normal or immunocompromised patients

  • IV: 10mg/kg bodyweight, 8hrly; Treatment duration: Usually 10 days

Prevention of reactivation of cytomegalovirus infection in seropositive patients following bone marrow transplantation

  • IV: 500mg/m2, 8hrly; Treatment duration: From 5 days before, up to 30 days after transplant

All indications: The required dose of aciclovir IV should be administered by slow intravenous infusion over a one hour period


Obese patients should be dosed at the recommended adult dose using ideal body weight, rather than actual body weight

Paediatric dosage (ZA)

Paed. forms avail. in SA and covered in this monograph: dsp, sus, tab, inj, poi, inf

Paed. dosages below include:

  • South African Standard Treatment Guidelines indications and dosages
  • South African registered indications and dosages

Infections caused by: Herpes simplex virus types I and II; Varicella zoster virus

Specific doses based on individual indications

Please note that the dosages below should be used in combination with regional guidelines, taking into account local antibiotic sensitivities

South African Standard Treatment Guidelines indications and dosages

Herpes simplex infections of the mouth and lips
- Extensive oral herpes
Extensive herpes, eczema herpeticum or chronic mucocutaneous ulcerations

Younger than 15 years

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 250mg/m2, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days

15 years and older

  • See adult dosage
    (STG, PHC 2020)

Herpes gingivostomatitis
- If more than minor fever blisters

Aciclovir, oral, 250mg/m2/dose 6hrly for 7 days (or per kg dose equivalent below)

  • Between 1-12 months: Oral (dsp, tab, sus): 12.5mg/kg/dose, 6hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
  • Between 1-6 years: Oral (dsp, tab, sus): 10mg/kg/dose, 6hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
  • Between 6 -12 years: Oral (dsp,tab, sus): 6mg/kg/dose, 6hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, Paed. 2023)

Herpes gingivostomatitis - very severe 

Aciclovir, IV, 250 mg/m2/dose 8 hourly for 7 days (per kg dose equivalent below)

  • Between 1-12 months: IV: 12.5mg/kg/dose, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
  • Between 1-6 years: IV: 10mg/kg/dose, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
  • Between 6 -12 years: IV: 6mg/kg/dose, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, Paed. 2023)

Erythema multiforme secondary to herpes simplex virus
- If herpes simplex virus suspected to be the cause

Eczema
- If herpes simplex virus suspected

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 250mg/m2/dose, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, Paed. 2023)

Varicella zoster (Chickenpox)
- Neonates, immunocompromised patients and all cases with severe chickenpox (not encephalitis)
Herpes zoster (Shingles) 
- Within 24 hours of the appearance of the rash for less severe cases

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 20mg/kg/dose, 6hrly; Max: 800mg/dose; Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, Paed. 2023; PHC 2020)

- In severe cases or in cases where oral medicine cannot be given

  • Younger than 12 years: IV: 20mg/kg/dose given over 1hr, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
  • Older than 12 years: IV: 10mg/kg/dose given over 1hr, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days
    (STG, Paed. 2023) 

Varicella zoster (Chickenpox) prophylaxis
- Neonates whose mothers develop varicella from 5 days before delivery to 2 days after delivery (If varicella-zoster immunoglobulin is not available)

  • Oral (dsp, sus, tab): 20mg/kg/dose, 6hrly; Treatment duration: 10 days
    (STG, Paed. 2023)

- Immunocompromised children exposed to varicella
- Hospitalised immunocompetent children exposed to varicella (to limit spread)

  • Older than 28 days: Oral (dsp, tab, sus): 20mg/kg/dose, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 10 days given in the 2nd week after exposure
    (STG, Paed. 2023)

Acute viral meningo-encephalitis secondary to herpes simplex or varicella zoster
- If herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus encephalitis suspected

  • Between 0-12 years: IV: 20mg/kg/dose given over 1hr, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days (Varicella) OR 14 days (HSV) 
  • Older than 12 years: IV: 10mg/kg/dose given over 1hr, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 7 days (Varicella) OR 14 days (HSV) 
    (STG, Paed. 2023)

Acute viral laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) 
- Suspected herpes

  • IV: 10-15mg/kg/dose, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 5-7 days
    (STG, Paed. 2023)

Herpes keratitis and conjunctivitis

  • Oral (dsp, tab, sus): 20mg/kg, 5 times a day; Treatment duration: 10 days
    (STG, Paed. 2023)

South African registered indications and dosages

Oral formulations

Treatment of varicella-zoster (chickenpox) infection within 24 hours after appearance of the typical chickenpox lesions

Oral (dsp)

  • Younger than 2 years: 50% of adult dosage
  • 2 years and older: Adult dosage

Oral (dsp, sus, tab)

  • Adolescents between 12-18 years: 800mg, 4 times a day; Treatment duration: 5 days

Treatment of Herpes zoster (shingles) infections if the lesions are not older than 72 hours

Oral (dsp, sus)

  • Younger than 2 years: 50% of adult dosage (limited data)
  • 2 years and older: Adult dosage

Treatment of Herpes simplex infections and prophylaxis of Herpes simplex infections in immunocompromised children

Oral (dsp, sus)

  • Younger than 2 years: 50% of adult dosage (limited data)
  • 2 years and older: Adult dosage

Oral (tab)

  • Younger than 2 years: Not established for use
  • 2 years and older: Adult dosage

Oral aciclovir in children less than 2 years of age has not been fully studied. Dosing for varicella (chickenpox) may be more accurately calculated as 20mg aciclovir per kg body mass (not to exceed 800mg) 4 times daily. Treatment should continue for 5 days and should start within 24 hours after appearance of typical chickenpox rash. Limited data suggest that for management of severely immunocompromised children, over 2 years of age, the adult dose may be given


The dispersible tablet must be dispersed in 50ml of water or swallowed whole with a little water and may be taken with or without meals
Do not dilute the oral suspension


Intravenous formulations

Treatment and prophylaxis of herpes simplex infections in immunocompromised patients

  • IV: 20mg/kg bodyweight, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 14 days

Treatment of varicella zoster infections in immunocompromised patients
- Chickenpox prophylaxis and therapy of pneumonial complications
- Shingles if the lesions are not older than 72 hours

  • IV: 20mg/kg bodyweight, 4 times per day; Treatment duration: 5 days

Treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis

  • IV: 20mg/kg bodyweight, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 21 days

The doses of aciclovir IV provided above are for children aged between 3 months and 12 years and are calculated on the basis of body weight


Treatment of herpes simplex infections in the neonate

Neonates and infants up to 3 months

  • IV: 20mg/kg bodyweight, 8hrly; Treatment duration: 21 days

Prevention of reactivation of cytomegalovirus infection in seropositive patients following bone marrow transplantation

  • Younger than 2 years: No information available
  • Older than 2 years: See adult dosage

Limited data suggest that for the prevention of cytomegalovirus reactivation in children over 2 years of age, who have undergone bone marrow transplantation, the adult dose may be given

Pregnancy & lactation

Pregnancy

South African recommendations

Dispersible tablet, Suspension, Injection

  • Caution; no evidence of risk in studies
  • There is limited data on the use of aciclovir in pregnancy. The data is insufficient to establish safety and therefore, safety and efficacy in pregnancy has not been established
  • A post-marketing aciclovir pregnancy registry has documented pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to aciclovir (dsp)
  • The registry findings have not shown an increase in the number of birth defects amongst aciclovir-exposed subjects compared with the general population, and any birth defects showed no uniqueness or consistent pattern to suggest a common cause (dsp)

Tablets

  • Contraindicated
  • Safety has not been established during pregnancy

Recommendations in other jurisdictions

  • Caution; no evidence of risk in studies
  • The use of aciclovir should be considered only when the potential benefits outweigh the possibility of unknown risks
  • A post-marketing aciclovir pregnancy registry has documented pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to any formulation of aciclovir. The registry findings have not shown an increase in the number of birth defects amongst aciclovir exposed subjects compared with the general population, and any birth defects showed no uniqueness or consistent pattern to suggest a common cause
  • Systemic administration of aciclovir in internationally accepted standard tests did not produce embryotoxic or teratogenic effects in rabbits, rats or mice. In a non-standard test in rats, foetal abnormalities were observed but only following such high subcutaneous doses that maternal toxicity was produced. The clinical relevance of these findings is uncertain
  • Caution should therefore be exercised by balancing the potential benefits of treatment against any possible hazard

Breastfeeding

South African recommendations

Dispersible tablet, Suspension, Injection

  • Caution
  • There is limited data on the use of aciclovir in lactation. The data is insufficient to establish safety and therefore, safety and efficacy in lactation have not been established
  • Following oral administration of 200mg aciclovir five times a day, aciclovir has been detected in breast milk at concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 4.1 times the corresponding plasma levels. These levels would potentially expose breastfeeding infants to aciclovir dosages of up to 0.3mg/kg/day
  • Lactating women on aciclovir treatment should not breastfeed (sus)

Tablets

  • Contraindicated
  • Safety has not been established during lactation

Recommendations in other jurisdictions

  • Caution
  • Following oral administration of 200mg aciclovir five times a day, aciclovir has been detected in breast milk at concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 4.1 times the corresponding plasma levels. These levels would potentially expose breastfeeding infants to aciclovir dosages of up to 0.3mg/kg/day

Fertility

Recommendations below are applicable to South Africa and other jurisdictions

  • There is no information on the effect of aciclovir on human female fertility
  • In a reported study of 20 male patients with normal sperm count, oral aciclovir administered at doses of up to 1g per day for up to six months has been shown to have no clinically significant effect on sperm count, motility or morphology

Renal impairment

  • Caution; dose adjustment recommended

IV

CrCl (ml/min/1.73m2) Adults and adolescents Infants and children <13 years
25-50 IV: 5-10mg/kg, 12hrly IV: 250-500mg/m2(or 20mg/kg), 12hrly
10-25 IV: 5-10mg/kg, 24hrly IV: 250-500mg/m2(or 20mg/kg), 24hrly
<10 IV: 2.5-5mg/kg, 24hrly IV: 125-250mg/m2(or 10mg/kg), 24hrly
Haemodialysis IV: 2.5-5mg/kg, 24hrly; After dialysis IV: 125-250mg/m2(or 10mg/kg), 24hrly; After dialysis

Oral

CrCl (ml/min/1.73m2) Dose Adjustment
>25 No dose adjustment
10-25 Herpes simplex: No dose adjustment;
Herpes zoster: 800mg, 8hrly
<10 Herpes simplex: 200mg, 12hrly;
Herpes zoster: 800mg, 12hrly

Hepatic impairment

  • Caution; no dose adjustment recommended

Elderly

  • Caution; no dose adjustment recommended
    The possibility of renal impairment in the elderly must be considered and dosage should be adjusted accordingly

Adverse reactions

Central Nervous System Disorders

  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Agitation
  • Confusion
  • Tremor
  • Ataxia
  • Dysarthria
  • Hallucinations
  • Psychotic symptoms
  • Seizures
  • Somnolence
  • Encephalopathy
  • Coma
  • Fatigue
  • Lethargy
  • Paraesthesia
  • Reversible psychiatric effects

Cardiovascular Disorders

  • Phlebitis
  • Hypotension

Respiratory Disorders

  • Dyspnoea

Gastrointestinal Disorders

  • Diarrhoea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Nausea and vomiting

Hepatobiliary Disorders

  • Increased liver-related enzymes
  • Bilirubin
  • Jaundice
  • Hepatitis
  • Hyperbilirubinaemia

Genitourinary Disorders

  • Crystalluria
  • Increased urea and creatinine
  • Acute renal failure
  • Renal pain
  • Haematuria

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders

  • Pruritus
  • Urticaria
  • Rashes
  • Photosensitivity
  • Angioedema
  • Local necrosis and inflammation
  • Diaphoresis
  • Leukocytoclastic vasculitis
  • Erythema multiforme
  • Accelerated diffuse hair loss

Immune, Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders

  • Anaemia
  • Thrombocytopaenia
  • Leukopaenia
  • Neutropenia
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Local inflammatory reactions
  • Fever
  • Haemolysis
  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (sometimes fatal) (In immunocompromised patients)
  • Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (sometimes fatal) (In immunocompromised patients)

Interactions

  • Cimetidine
  • Probenecid
  • Agents which compete with aciclovir for elimination (inj)
  • Mycophenolate mofetil
  • Theophylline
  • Lithium
  • Cyclosporin
  • Tacrolimus

Monitoring

None routine. Specific cases may require

  • Renal function
  • Lithium levels (coadministered with high dose intravenous aciclovir)
  • Theophylline levels (coadministered with aciclovir)
  • Urine output
  • Hepatic enzymes
  • Full blood count

Additional observations

  • Neurological side effects
  • Infusion site

Mechanism of action

Aciclovir is a synthetic acyclic purine nucleoside analogue with in vitro and in vivo inhibitory activity against human Herpes viruses, including Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and Varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). In cell culture aciclovir has the greatest antiviral activity against HSV-1, followed (in decreasing order of potency) by HSV-2, VZV, EBV, and CMV. The inhibitory activity of aciclovir for HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV and EBV is highly selective. The enzyme thymidine kinase (TK) of normal, uninfected cells does not use aciclovir effectively as a substrate, hence toxicity to mammalian host cells is low; however, TK encoded by HSV, VZV and EBV converts aciclovir to aciclovir monophosphate, a nucleoside analogue, which is further converted to the diphosphate and finally to the triphosphate by cellular enzymes. Aciclovir needs to be phosphorylated to the active compound aciclovir triphosphate, in order to become active against the virus. Aciclovir triphosphate acts as an inhibitor of, and a substrate for, the herpes specified DNA polymerase preventing further viral DNA synthesis.

Spectrum of activity: Herpes simplex virus, Varicella-zoster virus

Dosage forms

  • Suspension
  • Injection
  • Dispersible tablet
  • Tablet
  • Infusion
  • Powder for injection

Formulation

Tablet 200mg

  • Aciclovir Sandoz (Sandoz)
  • Aciclovir Biotech (Biotech)
  • Adco Acyclovir (Adcock Ingram)
  • Apex-Acyclovir (Camox)
  • Cyclivex (Pharmacare)
  • Zovirax 200 (GSK)

Tablet 400mg

  • Aciclovir Sandoz (Sandoz)
  • Apex-Aciclovir (Camox)
  • Cyclivex (Pharmacare)
  • Lovire (Ranbaxy)

Tablet dispersible 200mg

  • Acitab (Cipla Medpro)
  • Lovire (Ranbaxy)
  • Zovirax (GSK) originator

Tablet dispersible 400mg

  • Acitab (Cipla Medpro)
  • Lovire (Ranbaxy)
  • Zovirax (GSK) originator

Suspension (per 5ml) 200mg

  • Zovirax (GSK) originator

Injection (per vial) 250mg

  • Acyrax (Pharma Dynamics)
  • Aspen Acyclovir (Pharmacare)
  • Mylan Aciclovir (Xixia)
  • Zovirax (GSK) originator

Also available in the following forms: Cream and eye ointment.

References

1. PI - LOVIRE 200 Tablets, LOVIRE 400 Tablets, Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals (Pty) Ltd - DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT - Last approval date: 15 August 2023 Downloaded online 17 October 2023 [https://pi-pil-repository.sahpra.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/pi-approved-Lovire-15-08-2023.pdf] 2. SmPC: Zovirax® Tablets 200 mg, GlaxoSmithKline UK; Last updated on eMC: 25 Jan 2018; Downloaded online 20 August 2018 [https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1634/smpc] 3. SmPC: Zovirax® I.V. 250 mg, GlaxoSmithKline UK; Last updated on eMC: 01 Apr 2015; Downloaded online 20 August 2018 [https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5472/smpc] 4. SmPC: Zovirax® Suspension, GlaxoSmithKline UK; Last updated on eMC: 08 Dec 2017; Downloaded online 20 August 2018 [https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5470/smpc] 5. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B27NqM_vidrmcGtlSUVXaFNzVjQ (26/11/2010_Mylan_Aciclovir_250, 500mg_inj) 6. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B27NqM_vidrmcGtlSUVXaFNzVjQ (06/01/2006_Ranbaxy_Lovire_200, 400mg_tabs) 7. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B27NqM_vidrmcGtlSUVXaFNzVjQ (5/09/1997_Pharmacare_Cyclivex_400mg_tab) 8. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B27NqM_vidrmcGtlSUVXaFNzVjQ (07/2005_Cipla_Acitab_ 200, 400, 800_tab) 9. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B27NqM_vidrmcGtlSUVXaFNzVjQ (10/03/2017_Mobimims_Zovirax_inj_disp tab_susp_crm) 10. Standard treatment guidelines and essential medicines list for South Africa, Hospital level, Paediatrics, 2017 11. U2D: Acyclovir (systemic): Drug information; Uptodate; Downloaded online 20 August 2018 [https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acyclovir-systemic-drug-information] 12. Sanford Guide Web Edition: Acyclovir; Last modified 30 Jun 2017; Downloaded online 20 August 2018 [https://webedition.sanfordguide.com/en/drug-information/antiviral-agents/herpesvirus/acyclovir] 13. NAPOS The Drug Database for Acute Porphyria: Aciclovir; Accessed online 20 August 2018 [http://www.drugs-porphyria.org/languages/UnitedKingdom/s3.php?atc_code=J05AB01&l=gbr] 14. South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport: Aciclovir Sandoz Tablets; Accessed online 20 August 2018 [http://www.drugfreesport.org.za/online-medication-check/] 15. SmPC: Zovirax 200mg Tablets (GlaxoSmithKline UK) , Last updated on emc 06 Mar 2020 ; Downloaded 13/3/2020 [https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1634/smpc] 16. Clinical Pharmacologist - Dr. M Irhuma [https://trello.com/c/rMS5bjHg/321-list-of-hot-monographs] 17. PI: Acyrax, Pharma Dynamics: date of Registration: 01 October 2015 [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15H3UaWdJPlnhEsoD5Z-Dr3gIZf5SP6K6] 18. PI: Zovirax, IV, GSK: Date of Registration: 12 March 2015 [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15H3UaWdJPlnhEsoD5Z-Dr3gIZf5SP6K6] 19. PI: Zovirax (DSP, SUS), GSK: Date of Registration: 26 March 2015 [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15H3UaWdJPlnhEsoD5Z-Dr3gIZf5SP6K6] 20. SmPC: Aciclovir 200mg Tablets, Aurobindo Pharma - Milpharm Ltd: Last updated on emc: 06 Aug 2020; Downloaded online 04 Feb 2021 [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15H3UaWdJPlnhEsoD5Z-Dr3gIZf5SP6K6] 21. SmPC: Aciclovir 25 mg/ml Concentrate for Solution for Infusion, Hospira UK Ltd; Last updated on emc: 18 Jan 2021; Downloaded online 04 Feb 2021 [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15H3UaWdJPlnhEsoD5Z-Dr3gIZf5SP6K6] 22. SmPC: Zovirax Suspension, GlaxoSmithKline UK; Last updated on emc: 07 Jan 2021; Downloaded online 04 Feb 2021 [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15H3UaWdJPlnhEsoD5Z-Dr3gIZf5SP6K6] 23. National Department of Health. Standard Treatment Guidelines, Hospital Level Adult 2019 Edition 24. National Department of Health. Standard Treatment Guidelines, PHC Level 2020 Edition 25. National Department of Health. Standard Treatment Guidelines, Hospital Paed Level 2017 Edition 26. National Department of Health. Standard Treatment Guidelines, Hospital Paed Level 2022 Edition 27. PI - ZOVIRAX SUSPENSION (aciclovir 200mg), GlaxoSmithKline South Africa (Pty) Ltd - DATE OF REVISION OF TEXT 27 January 2023 Downloaded online 18 October 2023 [https://pi-pil-repository.sahpra.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/pi-zovirax-orals-30-app-sahpra.pdf] 28. PI - ZOVIRAX IV Injection Powder for Injection Acyclovir 250mg, GlaxoSmithKline South Africa (Pty) Ltd - . DATE OF REVISION OF TEXT 27 January 2023 Downloaded online 18 October 2023 [https://pi-pil-repository.sahpra.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/pi-zovirax-iv-30-app.pdf] 29. STG - Paediatrics Standard Treatment Guidelines and EML 2023 Edition_Final July 2023_0 Downloaded online 11 Oct 2023 [https://knowledgehub.health.gov.za/system/files/elibdownloads/2023-08/Paediatric%20STGs%20and%20EML%202023%20Edition_Final%20July%202023_0.pdf] 30. PI - ACYCLOVIR BIOTECH 200 Tablets, Biotech Laboratories (Pty) Ltd - DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT 23 June 2023 Downloaded online 18 Oct 2023 [https://pi-pil-repository.sahpra.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/1.3.1.1-Approved-PI-Acyclovir-biotech-0004.pdf] 31. SmPC - Aciclovir 200mg-5ml Oral Suspension Summary of Product Characteristics Updated 22-Jun-2023 Rosemont Pharmaceuticals Limited Downloaded online 18 Oct 2023 [https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/76/smpc] 32. SmPC - Aciclovir 400mg Tablets Summary of Product Characteristics Updated 06-Jan-2023 Aurobindo Pharma - Milpharm Ltd Downloaded online 18 October 2023 [https://medicines.org.uk/emc/product/11451/smpc] 33. SmPC -Aciclovir 200mg Tablets Summary of Product Characteristics Updated 06-Jan-2023 Aurobindo Pharma - Milpharm Ltd Downloaded online 18 October 2023 [https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/11673/smpc] 34. SmPC - Zovirax IV 250mg Summary of Product Characteristics Updated 26-May-2022 GlaxoSmithKline UK Downloaded online 18 October 2023 [https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5472/smpc] Note: Aciclovir AIM Queries on Pharmacologist Workboard - Prof. Irhuma _ Trello Downloaded online 18 October 2023 [https://trello.com/c/d1x0wgq3/598-aciclovir-aim-queries] 35. Adult-Hospital-Chapter-9-Systemic-and-Healthcare-Associated-Infections-with-supporting-NEMLC-report-2020-4-review-Version-1.2-20-January-2025.pdf [https://www.health.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Adult-Hospital-Chapter-9-Systemic-and-Healthcare-Associated-Infections-with-supporting-NEMLC-report-2020-4-review-Version-1.2-20-January-2025.pdf] 36. Adult Hospital Chapter 18 Eye Disorders with supporting NEMLC report & reviews 2020-4 Version 1.0 (30 September 2024) Downloaded online 03 June 2025 [https://www.health.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Adult-Hospital-Chapter-18-Eye-Disorders-with-supporting-NEMLC-report-reviews-2020-4-Version-1.0-30-September-2024.pdf] --------------------------------------------------------------------- GHANA REFERENCES GH1. Ministry of Health Ghana National Drugs Programme (GNDP) Standard Treatment Guidelines, 7th Edition, 2017 [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1EQKbcrtqOU9qM1DpWgsS35ERYS_WkO_w] GH2. Ministry of Health Ghana National Drugs Programme (GNDP) Essential Medicines List, 7th Edition, 2017 [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1EQKbcrtqOU9qM1DpWgsS35ERYS_WkO_w] Note: spelled as Acyclovir on EML, and Aciclovir on STG

Brands & products

20 products · cached snapshot
Trade names (11)
  • Aciclovir (syn. Acyclovir)Acitab
  • Acyrax
  • Aciclovir Biotech
  • Aciclovir Sandoz
  • Adco Acyclovir
  • Apex-Acyclovir
  • Aspen Acyclovir
  • Cyclivex
  • Lovire
  • Mylan Aciclovir
  • Zovirax

TABTablet· 9 products

from R73.20
ProductStrengthPackApplicantMin price
Acyclovir Biotech 200mg200 mg25Biotech Laboratories (Pty) LtdR73.20
Aciclovir Sandoz 200200 mg25Sandoz SA (Pty) LtdR92.93
Adco Acyclovir 200mg200 mg25Adcock Ingram LimitedR99.73
Cyclivex200 mg25Pharmacare Limited, WoodmeadR109.66
Austell Acyclovir 200mg200 mg30Austell Laboratories (Pty) LtdR131.27
Acyclovir Biotech 200mg200 mg100Biotech Laboratories (Pty) LtdR292.82
Aciclovir Sandoz 400400 mg70Sandoz SA (Pty) LtdR355.03
Cyclivex400 mg70Pharmacare Limited, WoodmeadR442.25
Austell Acyclovir 400mg400 mg70Austell Laboratories (Pty) LtdR442.33

DSPDispersible tablet · 5 products

from R91.78
ProductStrengthPackApplicantMin price
Acitab-200 Dt200 mg25Cipla Medpro (Pty) LtdR91.78
Lovire 200 Tablets200 mg25Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals (Pty) LtdR98.36
Lovire 400 Tablets400 mg70Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals (Pty) LtdR376.58
Acitab-400 Dt400 mg60Cipla Medpro (Pty) LtdR420.00
Zovirax 200200 mg25GlaxoSmithKline South Africa (Pty) LimitedR847.89

INFInfusion· 2 products

from R96.27
ProductStrengthPackApplicantMin price
Acyclovir 25 mg/ml – 10 ml Vial Accord250 mg/10ml10Accord Healthcare (Pty) LtdR96.27
Acyrax IV250 mg/10ml10Pharma Dynamics (Pty) LtdR547.24

INJInjection· 2 products

from R522.53
ProductStrengthPackApplicantMin price
Aciclovir 250 Viatris250 mg/10ml10Viatris South Africa (Pty) LtdR522.53
Zovirax IV250 mg/10ml10GlaxoSmithKline South Africa (Pty) LimitedR3237.05

POIPowder for injection· 1 product

from R609.50
ProductStrengthPackApplicantMin price
Aspen Acyclovir 250mg250 mg/10ml10Pharmacare Limited, WoodmeadR609.50

SUSSuspension· 1 product

from R1190.60
ProductStrengthPackApplicantMin price
Zovirax Suspension200 mg/5ml125GlaxoSmithKline South Africa (Pty) LimitedR1190.60

Medical aid coverage

data not yet integrated
Discovery Health
not yet integrated
  • Comprehensive Series—
  • Executive Plan—
  • KeyCare Series—
  • Priority Series—
  • Saver Series—

Formulary scraper pending — coverage tier, co-pay and authorisation requirements will appear here once data is ingested.

Bonitas Medical Fund
not yet integrated
  • BonClassic—
  • BonComprehensive—
  • BonEssential—
  • BonFit Select—
  • BonSave—
  • BonStart—

Formulary scraper pending — coverage tier, co-pay and authorisation requirements will appear here once data is ingested.

GEMS — Government Employees Medical Scheme
not yet integrated
  • Beryl—
  • Emerald—
  • Onyx—
  • Ruby—
  • Sapphire—
  • Tanzanite One—

Formulary scraper pending — coverage tier, co-pay and authorisation requirements will appear here once data is ingested.

POLMED — Police Medical Aid Scheme
not yet integrated
  • Aquarium Option—
  • Efficiency Option—
  • Marine Option—

Formulary scraper pending — coverage tier, co-pay and authorisation requirements will appear here once data is ingested.

Interacts with 7 known drugs

Check against other drugs →

Cited in 37 documents

NeoHealth® ID 15833 · updated 6/3/2025