Guidelines
180 entriesNDOH Standard Treatment Guidelines and clinical protocols
- Medical Management of Etopic PregnancyMedical Management of Etopic PregnancyOther→
- Medical Management of Eye InjuryStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Medical Nutritional TherapyMedical Nutritional TherapyOther→
- Medical certification, ICD mortality coding, and reporting mortality associated with COVID-19This document describes certification and classification (coding) of deaths related to COVID-19.Other→
- MedicationNational Neonatal Resuscitation GuidelinesOther→
- Medications to be AvoidedGeneral principles and management of cancer pain in adultsOther→
- Medicine FormularyResuscitation/emergency drugs Supplements / other medications Antimicrobials For other drug doses consult the NEOFAX neonatal formulary in NICU or ask a senior Resuscitation/emergency drugs Epinephrine (adrenalin): 0.01mg/kg (0.1ml/kg of 1:10 000 solution) IV or per ETT (as last resort) Make 1:10 000 solution by diluting 1 ml of 1:1000 with 9ml of water for injection Naloxone (Narcan): 0.1mOther→
- Medicines in PregnancyStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Medicines to Treat Complications of AnaesthesiaStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Medicines used in Palliative Care: IntroductionMedicines used in Palliative CarePrimary Care→
- Medicolegal SavvyDistrict level hospital guidelines applicable for interns and comm service doctors. Published in 2016Other→
- MeningitisSee: Acute meningitis Meningococcal meningitis, prophylaxis Cryptococcal meningitis Click here to access the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2020-4_Version 1.0_26 May 2025 Chapter 15: Central Nervous System Conditions_15.8 MeningitisPrimary Care→
- MeningitisSee: Central nervous system . Click here to access the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2020-2024_Version 1.1_20 January 2025 Chapter 10: Infections and Related Conditions_10.9 MeningitisPrimary Care→
- Meningitis Bacterial, NeonatalDescription Diagnostic criteria Special Investigations General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: G01 DESCRIPTION A bacterial infection of the meninges in the first month of life. Consider meningitis in any neonate being evaluated for sepsis or infection, as most organisms implicated in neonatal sepsis also cause neonatal meningitis. The most common causative oPEML (Paeds)→
- Meningitis, Acute BacterialDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: G00 * Notifiable condition. (N. meningitidis and H. influenzae) This guideline applies to children > 60 days old. For the management of neonates, See: Meningitis bacterial, neonatal . DESCRIPTION Bacterial meningitis most commonly results from haematogenous dissemination of micrPEML (Paeds)→
- Meningitis, CryptococcalDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: G02.1 DESCRIPTION An uncommon childhood meningitis that may occur in older HIV-infected children with severe CD4 T-cell depletion. Pulmonary and skin involvement can occur. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Clinical Acute or chronic headache in an older HIV-infected child. Meningism need not be presenPEML (Paeds)→
- Meningitis, Tuberculous (TBM) In ChildrenDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: A17.0 *Notifiable condition. DESCRIPTION Tuberculous meningitis is an infection of the meninges caused by M. tuberculosis. Early diagnosis and treatment improves the prognosis. Differentiation from acute bacterial meningitis may be difficult. If in any doubt, treat for both conditions. CPEML (Paeds)→
- Meningo-Encephalitis/Encephalitis, Acute ViralDescription General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: A86 DESCRIPTION A number of viruses cause infection of the brain and meninges. Herpes simplex is the most important because it is treatable. A high mortality and morbidity is associated with untreated herpes meningo-encephalitis. Complications include: increased intracranial pressure, permanent neurologicalPEML (Paeds)→
- MeningococcaemiaICD-10 code: A39.2/A39.4 DESCRIPTION Palpable bleeding into skin caused by N. meningitides and is associated with rapid spread. This is a medical emergency and can be fatal. See: Infective/Infectious Diseases: Sepsis Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 5: Dermatology, 5.4. Purpura,&nbPEML (Paeds)→
- Meningococcal Meningitis, ProphylaxisMeningitisPrimary Care→
- Meningococcal SepticaemiaMeningococcal SepticaemiaOther→
- Meningococcal vaccinesMeningococcal vaccinesOther→
- Menopause & HRT/HTThis booklet is intended as a practical guide to patient care for registrars, medical officers, interns and medical students attached to the gynaecology units at the University of the Witwatersrand Academic Hospitals. Anyone can use it.Other→
- Menopause and Perimenopausal SyndromeReferral ICD-10 code: N95.0-3/N95.8-9 For primary management with hormone therapy (HT), refer to the PHC STGs and EML, Hormone therapy (HT) . If HT is contra-indicated, poorly tolerated or ineffective: Fluoxetine, oral Initiate at 20 mg on alternate days. If there is no response after 12 weeks, increase the dose to 20 mg daily. LoE:IIIb xxxix If on tamoxifen: Citalopram, oral, 10 mg dEML (Adult)→
- Mental Health ConditionsPrecepts of the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 include: All patients with mental illness and/or severe to profound intellectual disability should receive mental health care as either Voluntary, Assisted or Involuntary Mental Health Care Users. All registered medical practitioners, professional nurses, psychologists, occupational therapists (OTs), and social workers whose training includesEML (Adult)→
- Mental Health Conditions NEMLC Recommendations for Medicine Amendments (2020-2023 Review Cycle)South African Primary Healthcare Level Essential Medicine List. Medicine amendment recommendations, with supporting evidence and rationale are listed below. Kindly review the medicine amendments in the context of the respective standard treatment guideline (STG). Click here for the Mental health conditions NEMLC Recommendations for medicine amendments (2020-2023 Review Cycle) Click here forPrimary Care→
- Mental Health Conditions and Substance Misuse NEMLC Recommendations for Medicine Amendments (2020-2023 Review Cycle)South African Adult Hospital Level Essential Medicine List. Medicine amendment recommendations, with supporting evidence and rationale are listed below. Kindly review the medicine amendments in the context of the respective standard treatment guideline (STG). Click here for the Mental health conditions and substance misuse NEMLC Recommendations for medicine amendments (2020-2023 Review CyclEML (Adult)→
- Mental Health Conditions: IntroductionNurses with authorisation as provided by Section 56(6) of the Nursing Act 33 of 2005 may initiate and/or maintain treatment with medicines as per the STGs and in accordance with their scope of practice. Precepts of the Mental Health Care Act (MHCA) No. 17 of 2002 include: All people with mental illness and/or intellectually disability must be managed under the Act and its regulations as either VoPrimary Care→
- Metabolic EmergenciesStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Metabolic and Endocrine SupportThyroid disorders in critically ill patients Sick Euthyroid Syndrome Hyperthyroidism Thyroid crisis Hypothyroidism Thyroid Disorders in Critically ill Patients Description Non-specific alterations can occur in critically ill patients. The majority revert to normality upon full recovery from the underlying physical insult. The transient dysfunction is attributed to changes in thyroid stimulating hEML (Adult)→
- MethodsGeneral principles and management of cancer pain in adultsOther→
- MethodsA systematic review was conducted in September 2023 in accordance with the framework outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement for reporting of systematic reviews [6] . An electronic search of the literature was performed using the terms: ‘Bladder Trauma or Injury or Rupture’, ‘Paediatric’, ‘Iatrogenic’, ‘Follow-up’ and ‘Guidelines’. TheOther→
- MethodsPanel recruitment Delphi process Updating of the guidelines An expert panel was constituted and reviewed current evidence and compiled consensus-based recommendations for the minimum standards required for death determination, applicable in the SA context, using a modified Delphi process. All statements in this guideline are considered strong recommendations. In cases where evidence is less stronOther→
- MethodsDefinition Participants Target population Target audience Key question development and Delphi process Literature search Evidence summary and recommendations Open external consultation Guideline review The consensus statement and grading of the quality of practice guidelines were developed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation Instrument (AGREE II). [8] Definitions The teOther→
- Methotrexate ToxicityDivision of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesOther→
- Methotrexate for Ectopic PregnancyThis booklet is intended as a practical guide to patient care for registrars, medical officers, interns and medical students attached to the gynaecology units at the University of the Witwatersrand Academic Hospitals. Anyone can use it.Other→
- Microbiology, pathology, pathogenesis and transmissionMicrobiology, pathology, pathogenesis and transmission 1. Microbiology, pathology and pathogenesis Human influenza viruses are single-strand RNA viruses that belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family, consisting of the genera influenza A, B, and C viruses. Only influenza A and B viruses cause epidemics in humans. Based on their main antigenic determinants, the haemagglutinin (H or HOther→
- Miliary TB In ChildrenDescription Medicine Treatment ICD-10 code: A19.9 DESCRIPTION Miliary tuberculosis is a potentially fatal form of TB disease due to the spread of the organism in the bloodstream to the lungs, brain and other organs. Patients with miliary TB are assumed to have CNS involvement and are treated accordingly. MEDICINE TREATMENT Children < 8 years: The 75/50 RH and 75/50/150 RHZ formulations aPEML (Paeds)→
- MiscarriageMiscarriageOther→
- MiscarriageSilent miscarriage or early fetal death Incomplete miscarriage in the first trimester Midtrimester miscarriage (from 13-22 weeks gestation) Septic miscarriage Trophoblastic neoplasia Both manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) and medical evacuation are equally effective for miscarriage. However, MVA is preferred in the follow settings: anaemia haemodynamic instability second trimester miscarriage SILENTEML (Adult)→
- MiscarriageDescription General measures Medicine treatment Referral O02.1/O03.4/O03.9 DESCRIPTION Bleeding from the genital tract < 22 weeks' gestation, which may or may not be associated with lower abdominal pain (LAP). Miscarriage is classified as follows Cervix closed on digital examination Cervix dilated on digital examination - Threatened miscarriage: - mild vaginal bleeding, usualPrimary Care→
- MiscarriageThis booklet is intended as a practical guide to patient care for registrars, medical officers, interns and medical students attached to the gynaecology units at the University of the Witwatersrand Academic Hospitals. Anyone can use it.Other→
- Miscarriage / Early Pregnancy LossMiscarriage / Early pregnancy lossOther→
- MiscellaneousDistrict level hospital guidelines applicable for interns and comm service doctors. Published in 2016Other→
- Missed Pills (Contraception, Hormonal)Progestin only pills Efficacy is rapidly lost if one pill is forgotten or taken >3 hours late. Recommend dual contraception for all scenarios for at least 7 days. LoE:IVb 23 Scenario Action One pill forgotten or pill taken >3 hours late, and unprotected sexual intercourse has not occurred in the past 5 days. Take pill as soon as remembered and continue taking one pill daily at the usual timPrimary Care→
- Mobile Phone Applications (Apps) in EnuresisTechnology should be embraced, as it is evolving daily and can play a role in the effective treatment and follow-up of enuresis. An electronic ‘bladder diary’ has shown superiority over the conventional ‘pen and paper’ bladder diary. [59] There are apps designed to manage enuresis. These apps are available on both the Google Play Store (Android) and the iOS (Apple). [60] Available apps include: ‘Other→
- Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) *New*ICD-10 code: E44.0 Description General measures Medicine treatment Referral DESCRIPTION Children and infants older than 6 months who have either: A WHZ-score between -2 and -3. MUAC between 11.5 cm and 12.5 cm. No pitting oedema or SAM danger signs (see Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) ). Good appetite. All cases require careful assessment for possible TB or HIV. GENERAL MEASURES Provide ready toPrimary Care→
- Modified Rankin Scale (MRS)Click on the image to enlarge. Click here for the pdf . Angels Initiative South Africa _ Treating Doctor_Stroke patient acute treatment forms_2024Other→
- Molluscum ContagiosumMolluscum ContagiosumPrimary Care→
- Monitoring Bloods on ARTTime on ART Creatinine (only if on TDF) CD4 At ART Initiation ✓ ✓ Month 3 ✓ At 1 year ✓ ✓ Annually ✓ (aligned with annual VL) If clinically indicated These monitoring bloods are in addition to the " Viral Load Monitoring Schedule " Click here for the pdf . South African National Department of Health, Guideline for Vertical Transmission Prevention of Communicable Infections, Version 2Other→