Guidelines

314 entries

NDOH Standard Treatment Guidelines and clinical protocols

Pneumonia Due To Anaerobic InfectionDescription Diagnostic criteria Medicine treatment DESCRIPTION Often seen in comatosed patients with aspiration syndromes or children who inhaled a foreign body that has been misdiagnosed for a period of time. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Putrid odour from mouth and foul smelling sputum. Investigations Sputum and blood culture using anaerobic media. MEDICINE TREATMENT Empiric antibiotic therapPEML (Paeds)→
Pneumonia in AdultsSee Uncomplicated pneumonia See Pneumonia in adults with underlying medical conditions or >65 years of age See Severe pneumonia See Pneumocystis pneumonia Click here to access the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2020-4-Version 1.0_16 September 2024 Chapter 17: Respiratory Conditions_17.3. RespiratoryPrimary Care→
Pneumonia in Adults with Underlying Medical Conditions or >65 Years of AgePneumonia in AdultsPrimary Care→
Pneumonia in ChildrenRespiratory InfectionsPrimary Care→
Pneumonia in HIV Exposed or Infected ChildrenDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral DESCRIPTION In additional to common bacterial and viral pathogens causing pneumonia, opportunistic micro-organisms in a ‘polymicrobial mix’ are common in these children. Many of these children may fail to respond to the standard antibiotic treatment for pneumonia. Micro-organisms commonly involved are: P.PEML (Paeds)→
Pneumonia, AspirationStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
Pneumonia, BacterialSee: Respiratory infections . Click here to access the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare_V1.0_26 February 2026 Chapter 11: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV AND AIDS)_11.3 Opportunistic Infections, Treatment in Adult_11.3.13 Pneumonia, BacterialPrimary Care→
Pneumonia, Community AcquiredStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
Pneumonia, NosocomialDescription General and supportive measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 code: J18.9 DESCRIPTION Children acquiring pneumonia 48–72 hours after hospitalisation. The common pathogens are: ß-lactamase producing pathogens, Extended spectrum ß-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae , P. aeruginosa , Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter species, Methicillin resistant S. aureus , RespiratoryPEML (Paeds)→
Pneumonia, PneumocystisSee: Pneumocystis pneumonia . Click here to access the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare_V1.0_26 February 2026 Chapter 11: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV AND AIDS)_11.3 Opportunistic Infections, Treatment in Adult_11.3.14 Pneumonia, PneumocystisPrimary Care→
Pneumonia, Viral InfectionDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: J12.9 DESCRIPTION The commonest cause of pneumonia in children is viral infection. Respiratory syncyctial virus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, herpes, human metapneumovirus and measles are the common viruses responsible for infections of the respiratoPEML (Paeds)→
PoisoningDescription Diagnostic criteria General measures Referral DESCRIPTION Frequently encountered poisonings in adults are due to: analgesics anti-infectives ethanol/alcohol hydrocarbons e.g. paraffin anticonvulsants antihistamines irritants and corrosives pesticides cardiodepressants iron sedatives, antidepressants & antipsychotics toxic alcohols e.g. methanol, ethylene glycol Maintain a high indEML (Adult)→
PoisoningPoison Information Centre Contact Details Description Diagnostic criteria Treatment Referral Secondary prevention For advice contact: POISON INFORMATION CENTRES Poisons Information Helpline (National service) 24 hours/day, every day for poisons queries 0861 555777 Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital Poisons Information Centre Email: poisonsinformation @uct.ac.za http://www.paePEML (Paeds)→
PoisoningPaediatric - PoisoningOther→
Poisoning with Substances that cause MethaemoglobinaemiaDescription Medicine treatment D74.9 + (T41.3/T41.4/T46.3 + X44.99/X64.99/Y14.99) DESCRIPTION Substances causing methaemoglobinaemia include nitrites, nitroglycerine, dapsone, mothballs (naphthalene), local anaesthetics, phenazopyridine, chlorates, and anilines. Nitrites are used to cure meat in the formal and informal butchery sector. Patients present with: Deep cyanosis with only mildly reducedEML (Adult)→
Poisons Information Centres and EnvenomationPoisons Information Centres Envenomation Poisons Information Centres Poisons Information Helpline (national service) 24/7 0861 555 777 Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital Poisons Information Centre Email: poisonsinformation@uct.ac.za http://www.paediatrics.uct.ac.za/poisons-informationcentre Tygerberg Poisons Information Centre Email: toxicology@sun.ac.za www.sun.ac.za/poisoncentreEML (Adult)→
Poliomyelitis (Acute Flaccid Paralysis)Description Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Referral ICD-10 code: A80.3 *Notifiable condition Also see: Inflammatory Polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barré Syndrome). DESCRIPTION Poliomyelitis is eradicated in South Africa. Most cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) are caused by Guillain-Barré Syndrome, but all cases of AFP must be notified as the clinical signs are indistinguPEML (Paeds)→
Poliovirus vaccinesPoliovirus vaccinesOther→
Polycystic Ovary SyndromeDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Referral ICD-10 Code: E28.2 DESCRIPTION Characterised by excessive androgen activity, with many having abnormal insulin activity. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Clinical Hirsutism Acne Oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea due to chronic anovulation. Female pattern alopecia. Overweight or obese. Investigations Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. GPEML (Paeds)→
Poor Growth & / Feeding Problem - Follow-UpIMCI - Child (Age 2 months up to 5 years)IMCI→
Poor Obstetric HistoryThe guidelines recommend management of common obstetric conditions at primary and referral level, based on local experience and evidence-based practice. They are not intended as strict protocols nor as standard operating procedures, but rather as a guide to safe effective management of common obstetric problems. The guidelines should be most useful to interns, medical officers and registrars.Other→
Populations to Whom this Guideline AppliesPOPULATIONS TO WHOM THIS GUIDELINE APPLIES This guideline covers all settings where routine sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services and HIV care and treatment services are offered to HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected women, their partners and their families. It is to be used in all South African health care facilities, and by doctors, nurses and allied health workers at primary, secondary andOther→
Portal HypertensionDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Referral ICD-10 code: K76.6 DESCRIPTION Increased portal venous pressure above vena cava pressure. Most commonly secondary to cirrhosis, but causes without cirrhosis may be divided into prehepatic portal vein obstruction, intra-hepatic (pre-or post-sinusoidal) and post-hepatic causes. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Clinical Splenomegaly wPEML (Paeds)→
Portal Hypertension and CirrhosisDescription General Measures Medicine Treatment Referral ICD-10 code: R18/K72.9/K74.6+(I98.2*/I98.3*) DESCRIPTION The complications of portal hypertension include: variceal bleeds, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), splenomegaly with hypersplenism, hepatorenal syndrome, hepato-pulmonary syndrome or porto-pulmonary hypertension GENERAL MEASURES Ascites: Perform diagnostic paracentesis ifEML (Adult)→
Portal Hypertension and Oesophageal Varices BleedingProtocol for the Management of Patient with Portal Hypertension and Oesophageal Variceal BleedingOther→
Position Statement on the Movement of Anaesthesia Practitioners Between Hospital/facility Sites during the COVID-19 PandemicGuidance documents released by SASA around COVID-19. Version 2. 15 April 2020.Other→
Possible Bacterial Infection & Jaundice (Birth up to 2 months)IMCI - Young Infant (Birth up to 2 months)IMCI→
Possible Streptococcal Infection - Follow-UpIMCI - Child (Age 2 months up to 5 years)IMCI→
Post Cardiac Arrest CarePost Cardiac Arrest CareOther→
Post Cardiac Arrest CareDescription General Measures Medical Treatment Referral ICD-10 code: I46.0 DESCRIPTION Post cardiac arrest care starts following successful CPR. During this time the patient is vulnerable to several processes, including: the underlying disease condition or injury causing the cardiac arrest post cardiac arrest haemodynamic instability post cardiac arrest brain injury the sequelae of global ischaemEML (Adult)→
Post Cardiac Arrest Care (Return of Spontaneous Circulation)Post Cardiac Arrest Care (Return of Spontaneous Circulation)Other→
Post Cardiac Arrest Care: Summary AlgorithmReturn of Spontaneous CirculationOther→
Post Cardiac-Arrest SyndromeSee: Post resuscitation care. Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 23: Paediatric Intensive Care, 23.4 Post Cardiac-Arrest SyndromePEML (Paeds)→
Post Exposure ProphylaxisPlease click on the link below to access the most up-to-date version of this guideline. The content on this page is currently being updated to align with the latest publication. Always check the version number at the bottom of the screen to confirm which version you are using. Click here to access the Primary Health Care - PHC Chapter 11: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune DeficiencPrimary Care→
Post Exposure Prophylaxis Following Alleged Penetrative Sexual AbuseSee: Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for Primary Health Care. Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 9: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections, 9.4 Post-exposure Prophylaxis Following Alleged Penetrative Sexual AbusePEML (Paeds)→
Post Exposure Prophylaxis, Inadvertent (Non-Occupational)ICD-10 code: Z29.8 + Z20.5 + Z20.2 + Z20.6 DESCRIPTION Inadvertent (non-occupational) exposure to infectious material from HIV and hepatitis B sero-positive persons often requires clinical judgement and includes: human bites (requires hepatitis B, but not HIV prophylaxis) sharing of needles during recreational drug use consensual sexual exposure, burst condoms contact sports with blood exposure MPrimary Care→
Post Exposure Prophylaxis, OccupationalDescription General Measures Investigations Medicine Treatment Referral ICD-10 code: Z20.6 + Z20.5 + (Z57.8+X58.92+Z29.8) DESCRIPTION Post exposure prophylaxis may prevent the risk of acquiring HIV and hepatitis B following a significant occupational exposure to infectious material from a patient (includes blood, CSF, semen, vaginal secretions and synovial/pleural/pericardial/Primary Care→
Post Exposure Prophylaxis, Rape and Sexual AssaultDescription General Measures Investigations Medicine Treatment Referral ICD-10 code: Z29.8 + Z20.5 + Z20.2 + Z20.6 DESCRIPTION Sexual offences are of grave concern and in particular to the most vulnerable persons including women, children and disabled persons. Sexual offences are physically and psychologically damaging to victims. The definitions of sexual offences are within the CrPrimary Care→
Post Operative CareDescription Medicine treatment Referral DESCRIPTION Vital signs should be monitored more frequently in the immediate post-operative period after discharge from the recovery area. Inadequately treated pain has adverse effects on multiple organ systems. Pain management should be individualised for each patient – according to the expected severity and type of pain. Analgesia should be prescribed regPEML (Paeds)→
Post Operative Care: General NotesThis booklet is intended as a practical guide to patient care for registrars, medical officers, interns and medical students attached to the gynaecology units at the University of the Witwatersrand Academic Hospitals. Anyone can use it.Other→
Post Operative EndophthalmitisPost Operative EndophthalmitisOther→
Post Resuscitation CareOnce children have been successfully resuscitated and emergency treatment provided, they remain at high risk for death or disability. In order to optimise outcomes, the following principles of care apply: Admit or refer to ward with appropriate monitoring facilities e.g. high care or intensive care unit as soon as possible. Identify and manage underlying pathology. Maintain normoxia (avoid both hPEML (Paeds)→
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Post Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)PEML (Paeds)→
Post rt-PA: Standing OrderClick on the image to enlarge. Click here for the pdf . Angels Initiative South Africa _ Treating Doctor_Stroke patient acute treatment forms_2024Other→
Post rt-PA: Standing orderClick on the image to enlarge. Click here for the pdf . Angels Initiative South Africa _ Registered Nurse_Stroke Patient Acute Treatment Form_2024Other→
Post-Exposure ProphylaxisPlease click on the link below to access the most up-to-date version of this guideline. The content on this page is currently being updated to align with the latest publication. Always check the version number at the bottom of the screen to confirm which version you are using. Click here to access the Adult Hospital Level Chapter 10: HIV_and_AIDS_with_supporting_NEMLC_Report_Reviews_2025-9-VersioEML (Adult)→
Post-Exposure ProphylaxisSee: Post-exposure prophylaxis . Click here for the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Adult Hospital level, 2020-4_Version 1_June 2024 Chapter 20: Emergencies and InjuriesEML (Adult)→
Post-Herpes Zoster Neuropathy (Post Herpetic Neuralgia)Post-herpes Zoster Neuropathy (Post Herpetic Neuralgia)Primary Care→
Post-Streptococcal GlomerulonephritisDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: N00.9 DESCRIPTION Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is a disorder of the kidneys caused by an immunological response of the kidney to nephritogenic strains of streptococci. It develops one to three weeks after a streptococcal throat or skin infection. Immune complexes aPEML (Paeds)→
Post-Transfusing the PatientSANBS Guideline - Updated August 2023Other→