Guidelines

391 entries

NDoH Hospital-level adult STG

Asthma MonitoringPeak expiratory flow rates Calculating % predicted peak flow rate Calculating bronchodilator responsiveness using peak flow in Adults Calculating peak flow varibility in children and adults Asthma control test PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATES Click on above image to enlarge CALCULATING % PREDICTED PEAK FLOW RATE Take the best of 3 of the patient’s observed peak flow rates (l/min): e.g. 200, 180, 190 pe→
Asthma, AcuteSee Asthma, acute for the management of status asthmaticus . Click here for the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Adult Hospital level, 2020-4_Version 1_June 2024 Chapter 20: Emergencies and Injuries→
Asthma, AcuteStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Asthma, Chronic PersistentStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Atopic Eczema/DermatitisStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Bacterial PeritonitisStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Bipolar and Related DisordersDescription General measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: F06.3/F30.0-2/F30.8-9/F31.0-9/F34.0/F34.8-9/F38.0/F39 + (F10.0-F19.9/R45.0-8/Z65.0- 5/Z65.8-9/Z81.0-4/Z81.8) Description Bipolar disorder (BD) is a heterogeneous illness with a high overlap in genetic risk with depression and schizophrenia. It usually follows a chronic, relapsing course, commonly starting in youth. The go→
Bites and StingsSee: Poisonings – envenomation ( Insect Bites and Stings , Snakebites , Scorpion Envenomation and Spider Envenomation ) . Click here for the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Adult Hospital level, 2020-4_Version 1_June 2024 Chapter 20: Emergencies and Injuries→
Bleeding DisordersGeneral Principles Haemophilia A and B Acute Management of Bleeds Haemophilia A - Factor VIII Deficiency (No Inhibitors) Haemophilia B - Factor IX Deficiency (No Inhibitors) Haemophilia with Inhibitors Von Willebrand Disease GENERAL PRINCIPLES A bleeding tendency may result from: a coagulation defect (congenital/acquired), a vessel wall defect, or a platelet defect (quantitative/qualitative). A c→
Bowel PreparationsDescription General Measures Medicine Treatment DESCRIPTION Bowel preparation is essential for colonoscopy. LoE:IIa i GENERAL MEASURES Health care professionals should provide both oral and written patient education instructions and emphasise the importance of adherence to the bowel preparation. MEDICINE TREATMENT Start bowel preparation as a split-dose regimen the day before the scheduled proced→
BronchiectasisStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
BrucellosisDescription Medicine Treatment ICD-10 code: A23.0-3/A23.8-9 *Notifiable medical condition. DESCRIPTION Zoonotic infection, usually due to B. abortus in South Africa. Infection is usually acquired from unpasteurised milk products or handling raw meat. MEDICINE TREATMENT Doxycycline, oral, 100 mg 12 hourly for 6 weeks. AND Gentamicin, IV, 6 mg/kg daily for 3 weeks (see Appendix II for guidan→
BuboStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
BurnsDescription Assessment of burns General measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 code: T30.0-3 + T31.0-9 DESCRIPTION Skin and tissue damage caused by: exposure to extremes of temperature, contact with an electrical current, exposure to a chemical agent, and radiation. ASSESSMENT OF BURNS DEPTH OF BURN WOUND SURFACE/ COLOUR PAIN SENSATION/ HEALING Superficial or epidermal Dry, minor blisters, erythema -→
Calcium Channel Blocker and Beta Blocker PoisoningDescription General measures Medicine treatment Referral T44.7/T46.1 + (X43.99/X63.99/Y14.99) DESCRIPTION Cardiovascular toxicity results in profound hypotension, bradycardia, decreased systemic vascular resistance and cardiogenic shock. Depressed level of consciousness and metabolic acidosis are due to poor tissue perfusion. Hyperglycaemia and hypokalaemia may occur. Patients who have co-i→
Carbon Monoxide PoisoningDescription General measures Medicine treatment T58 + (X47.99/X67.99/Y17.99) DESCRIPTION Poisoning caused by accidental or intentional exposure to fires in poorly ventilated areas, combustion engines, faulty stoves, and faulty heating systems. Patients present with: dizziness impaired level of consciousness headache tachycardia seizures and other CNS symptoms chest pains nausea and vomiting retin→
Cardiac Arrest in AdultsDescription Covid-19 considerations Emergency treatment Additional guidance ICD-10 code: I46.0/I46.9 DESCRIPTION Described as the loss of a heart beat and a palpable pulse, irrespective of the electrical activity captured on ECG tracing. Irreversible brain damage can occur within 2–4 minutes. Clinical features include: sudden loss of consciousness absent carotid and all other pulses loss o→
Cardiac DysrhythmiasStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Cardiac DysrhythmiasSee: Cardiac dysrhythmias . Click here for the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Adult Hospital level, 2020-4_Version 1_June 2024 Chapter 20: Emergencies and Injuries→
Cardiogenic ShockDescription General measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 code: R57.0 DESCRIPTION Patients are hypotensive, cold and clammy and their pulse rate may be variable. Causes include an acute myocardial infarction, myocardial contusion, myocarditis, dysrhythmias, valvular heart disease, aortic dissecting aneurysm etc. Consult with specialist and consider referring patients after initial emergency measures→
Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationFigure 20.1: Advanced cardiac arrest algorithm (adapted with permission from the Resuscitation Council of South Africa) Abbreviations: CPR = Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; PEA = Pulseless Electrical Activity; VF = Ventricular Fibrillation; VT = Ventricular Tachycardia Click on the image to enlarge. Figure 20.2: Advanced cardiac arrest algorithm - suspected respiratory communicable disease ( adapt→
Cardiovascular SupportDescription General Measures Description Patients are often admitted to ICU for cardiovascular support, the commonest reason being for the treatment of shock. Although it is important to treat the underlying cause, patients may need cardiovascular monitoring and support in ICU while this is happening. General Measures In the critically ill patient, the following should be considered: Parenteral d→
Cellulitis and ErysipelasStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Central Chronic Medicine Dispensing and Distribution (CCMDD)Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Cerebrovascular DiseaseStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Cholecystitis, Acute and Cholangitis, AcuteGeneral measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code : K81.0/K83.0 GENERAL MEASURES Surgical drainage/cholecystectomy according to indication and/or patient's condition. MEDICINE TREATMENT Acute cholecystitis Mild and asymptomatic cases without risk factors may not require antibiotic treatment. If signs of infection present and/or risk factors for severe disease are present, such a→
CholeraDescription General Measures Medicine Treatment ICD-10 code: A00.0-1/A00.9 *Notifiable medical condition. DESCRIPTION Diarrhoea due to Vibrio cholerae , often in outbreaks. GENERAL MEASURES Rehydration is the cornerstone of management. Oral rehydration is preferred. MEDICINE TREATMENT Oral rehydration solution (ORS) by mouth or nasogastric tube. If enteral administration not possible, e.g., patie→
Chronic HypertensionStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults, Updated for the 2023 Edition→
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Clostridum Difficile (Clostridioides Difficile) DiarrhoeaDescription General measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: A04.7 *Notifiable medical condition. DESCRIPTION Diarrhoea caused by altered bowel flora due to antibiotic exposure. Clostridium difficile ( Clostridioides difficile ) infection may result in severe disease and/or the development of pseudomembranous colitis. Diagnosis is confirmed in the laboratory on a stool sample. Patients w→
Coagulation FactorsDescription Medicine Treatment Description Cryoprecipitate Cryoprecipitate is a source of fibrinogen, factor VIII, factor XIII, and von Willebrand factor. Active bleeding with a low fibrinogen level (<2g/L) is the main indication for cryoprecipitate in critical care and is common in obstetric haemorrhage and trauma. Cryoprecipitate administration may also be guided by viscoelastic testing in m→
Complications of DiabetesStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF)Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
ConjunctivitisStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Coronavirus Disease-19 (Covid-19) in PregnancyStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults, Updated for the 2023 Edition→
Cotrimoxazole DesensitisationStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Cotrimoxazole PoisoningDescription General measures T37.0 + (X44.99/X64.99/Y14.99) DESCRIPTION Acute overdose is associated with a low probability of clinically relevant toxicity. Symptoms include nausea and vomiting, dizziness, headache, and neurological symptoms (such as drowsiness, confusion, and mental depression). Other signs include bone marrow depression, haematuria, and renal insufficiency. Hypersensitivity rea→
Cushing SyndromeStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Dehydration/Ketosis in LabourStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults, Updated for the 2023 Edition→
DeliriumStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
DeliriumDescription General measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 code: F05.0-1/F05.8-9/R45.1/R45.4-6 DESCRIPTION Delirium is a disturbance in attention, awareness (reduced orientation to the environment), and cognition (e.g. memory deficit, language, visuospatial ability, or perception). It is acute, developing within hours to days, and fluctuates during the day, worsening in the evenings. It may be hypera→
Delirium in Critical CareDescription General measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 code: F05 Description The risk of delirium is increased in patients with severe illness, with a prevalence of 40-60% in non-ventilated patients, and 50-80% in mechanically ventilated patients. Diagnosing delirium can be difficult due to its highly variable presentation. Symptoms may fluctuate over the course of a day with periods of reduced a→
DementiaStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Depressive DisordersDescription General measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: F32.0-3/F32.8-9/F33.0-4/F33.8-9/F34.1 + (F10.0-F19.9/R45.0-8/Z65.0-5/Z65.8-9/Z81.0- 4/Z81.8) Description Depressive disorders may occur as single or recurrent episodes, as a chronic, persistent low mood, or a combination of the two. Depressive disorders differ from bipolar disorder, in that there is no history of manic, hypoman→
Diabetes MellitusStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Diabetes Mellitus in PregnancyStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults, Updated for the 2023 Edition→
Diabetic EmergenciesStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
Diabetic EmergenciesSee: Hypoglycaemia and Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) (in Diabetic Emergencies ). Click here for the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Adult Hospital level, 2020-4_Version 1_June 2024 Chapter 20: Emergencies and Injuries→