Guidelines
3,191 entriesNDOH Standard Treatment Guidelines and clinical protocols
- Dysentery - Follow-UpIMCI - Child (Age 2 months up to 5 years)IMCI→
- Dysentery, BacillarySee: Gastrointestinal conditions. Click here to access the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2020-2024_Version 1.1_20 January 2025 Chapter 10: Infections and Related Conditions_10.4 Dysentery, BacillaryPrimary Care→
- Dysentery, BacillaryDescription General Measures Medicine Treatment Referral ICD-10 code: A02.0/A02.9/A03.0-3/A03.8-9/A04.2-3/A04.5/A04.8-9 DESCRIPTION Acute infection of the bowel usually caused by Shigella, Salmonella or Campylobacter. There is sudden onset diarrhoea with: blood (not due to haemorrhoids or anal fissure) or mucous in the stools. convulsions (in children). fever. tenesmus. GENERAL MEASURES Prevent sPrimary Care→
- Dysfunctional BladderDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Referral ICD-10 code: N31 DESCRIPTION Abnormalities of filling or emptying of the bladder, i.e. underactive or overactive bladder. Aetiology may be neurogenic, anatomical or functional. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Clinical features include: Daytime frequency Incontinence Urgency Nocturia Hesitancy Straining Weak stream Dysuria HoldingPEML (Paeds)→
- DyslipidaemiaDyslipidaemia (E78.9)PEML (Paeds)→
- DyslipidaemiaICD-10 code: E78.9 See: Dyslipidaemia Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 4: Cardiovascular System , 4.10 DyslipidaemiaPEML (Paeds)→
- DyslipidaemiaStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Dyslipidaemia in DiabetesCardiovascular Risk in DiabetesPrimary Care→
- DysmenorrhoeaDescription General measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: N94.4-6 DESCRIPTION Lower abdominal pain that starts with the onset of menstruation and subsides after menses have ended. This may be associated with headaches, nausea, and vomiting. It may be primary or secondary. Primary dysmenorrhoea is menstrual pain without organic disease. Secondary dysmenorrhoea is associated with identiEML (Adult)→
- DysmenorrhoeaDescription General measures Medicine treatment Referral N94.4-6 DESCRIPTION Pain associated with menstrual cycles. In primary dysmenorrhoea there is no known cause. Secondary dysmenorrhoea usually has an organic cause. GENERAL MEASURES Advise and reassure women with primary dysmenorrhoea about the nature of the condition. Encourage patient to carry on with normal everyday activities. MEDICINE TRPrimary Care→
- Dysnatraemias In ICURapid changes in serum sodium are more likely to be symptomatic. Slow changes should be corrected slowly: Hypernatremia – risk of cerebral oedema. Hyponatremia – risk of central pontine myelinolysis. Hyponatraemia Defined as serum Na < 135 mmol/L Disorder of water balance, excess total body water relative to electrolytes. Caused by increased renal water reabsorption in response to ADH, along wPEML (Paeds)→
- Dyspepsia, Heartburn and Indigestion, in AdultsDescription General Measures Medicine Treatment Referral ICD-10 code: K30/R12 DESCRIPTION Dyspepsia, heartburn and indigestion are common conditions and may be caused by gastro-oesophageal reflux or gastroduodenal pathology. These conditions often present with epigastric discomfort and minimal change in bowel habits. Intermittent indigestion, heartburn or dyspepsia may be associated with: use ofPrimary Care→
- DysphagiaAn approach to symptom management to guide decision-making in the management of patients with life-threatening illnessOther→
- DyspnoeaRespiratory ConditionsPrimary Care→
- Dyspnoea - Paediatric Palliative CareDescription General and supportive measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 code: R06.0 DESCRIPTION A subjective feeling of breathlessness, when breathing becomes unpleasant, difficult and tiresome. GENERAL AND SUPPORTIVE MEASURES Find the position in which the patient is most comfortable: upright, semifowlers or prone. In patients with large effusions: position with the bad lung down to allow foPEML (Paeds)→
- DystoniaAn approach to symptom management to guide decision-making in the management of patients with life-threatening illnessOther→
- Dystonia/ Muscle Spasms/ Spasticity - Paediatric Palliative CareDescription General and supportive treatment Medication and treatment Referral DESCRIPTION Dystonia A movement disorder caused by diseases of the basal ganglia, in which involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements as well as abnormal posturing that is often painful. Dystonia can be a primary disorder (e.g. brain tumours, metabolic conditions,PEML (Paeds)→
- E. Antimicrobial Resistance, Prevention and Containment FrameworkSupporting the Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy Framework and the Guidelines on Implementation of the Antimicrobial Strategy in South Africa: One Health Approach and Governance, 2018Other→
- EMS Inter-Facility Transfer Protocol Click on the image to enlarge. Click here for the pdf . Angels Initiative South Africa _ Emergency Response Team Stroke Patient Checklist_2024Other→
- EMS Inter-Facility Transfer Protocol: Stroke Patient During or After IV t-PAClick on the image to enlarge. Click here for the pdf . Angels Initiative South Africa _ Emergency Response Team Stroke Patient Checklist_2024Other→
- EMS Stroke Patient ChecklistClick on the image to enlarge. Click here for the pdf . Angels Initiative South Africa _ Emergency Response Team Stroke Patient Checklist_2024Other→
- ESMOE: Assisted DeliveryESMOE: Assisted DeliveryOther→
- ESMOE: Fetal Monitoring and CTGESMOE: Fetal Monitoring and CTGOther→
- ESMOE: HaemorrhageESMOE: HaemorrhageOther→
- ESMOE: Maternal ResuscitationEssential Steps in Managing Obstetric EmergenciesOther→
- ESMOE: MiscarriageESMOE: MiscarriageOther→
- ESMOE: Neonatal ResuscitationESMOE: Neonatal ResuscitationOther→
- ESMOE: Obstetric EmergenciesESMOE: Obstetric EmergenciesOther→
- ESMOE: Pre-eclampsia and EclampsiaESMOE: Pre-eclampsia and EclampsiaOther→
- ESMOE: Shock, Sepsis and the Unconscious PatientESMOE: Shock, Sepsis and the Unconscious PatientOther→
- Ear Infection - Follow-UpIMCI - Child (Age 2 months up to 5 years)IMCI→
- Ear Problem and Sore Throat (Age 2 months up to 5 years)IMCI - Child (Age 2 months up to 5 years)IMCI→
- Ear Wax ImpactionEar Wax ImpactionOther→
- Ear Wicking (Age 2 months up to 5 years)IMCI - Child (Age 2 months up to 5 years)IMCI→
- Early DiagnosisJoint damage begins within the first 3 months of disease onset. There is a ‘window of opportunity’ where early aggressive therapy of RA can suppress inflammation before irreversible joint destruction has occurred. [6-8] Early diagnosis and initiation of DMARD therapy are therefore critical. The 2010 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR)Other→
- Early Pregnancy ComplicationsThis booklet is intended as a practical guide to patient care for registrars, medical officers, interns and medical students attached to the gynaecology units at the University of the Witwatersrand Academic Hospitals. Anyone can use it.Other→
- EclampsiaGeneral measures Medicine treatment Referral O15.0-2/O15.9 GENERAL MEASURES Stabilise prior to urgent referral. Ensure safe airway. Place patient in left lateral position. Insert a Foley’s catheter and monitor urine output hourly. Monitor BP and check reflexes every 30 minutes. MEDICINE TREATMENT Administer oxygen. Magnesium sulfate, IV, 4 g as a loading dose diluted with 200 mL sodium chloride 0Primary Care→
- EclampsiaStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults, Updated for the 2023 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Ectopic PregnancyDescription General measures Medicine treatment Referral O00.0-2/O00.8-9 DESCRIPTION Pregnancy outside the uterus, usually presenting with the combination of: amenorrhoea (missed menstrual period) sudden lower abdominal pain/ pelvic pain vaginal bleeding (os closed) dizziness shock anaemia urine pregnancy test usually positive shoulder tip pain Note: Consider ectopic pregnancy in young women whoPrimary Care→
- Ectopic PregnancyEctopic PregnancyOther→
- Ectopic PregnancyThis booklet is intended as a practical guide to patient care for registrars, medical officers, interns and medical students attached to the gynaecology units at the University of the Witwatersrand Academic Hospitals. Anyone can use it.Other→
- EczemaDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: L20.9 DESCRIPTION An inflammatory itchy skin condition characterised by: Vesicles, weeping and crusting during the acute stage. Scaling and lichenification during the chronic stage. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Intractable itch. Family history of allergies. Onset under thePEML (Paeds)→
- Eczema, Acute, Moist or WeepingEczema and DermatitisPrimary Care→
- Eczema, AtopicEczema and DermatitisPrimary Care→
- Eczema, SeborrhoeicSee: Dermatitis, seborrhoeic . Click here to access the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare_V1.0_26 February 2026 Chapter 11: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV AND AIDS)_11.3 Opportunistic Infections, Treatment in Adult_11.3.6 Eczema, SeborrhoeicPrimary Care→
- EducationEducation is the cornerstone of effective management. Key points include explaining that AR is a chronic disease and that, apart from AIT, there is no curative treatment. Treatment options should be discussed with regard to cost, efficacy, ease of use and side-effect profile. Shared decision-making is of utmost importance. One of the main goals of shared decision-making is long-term adherence toOther→
- Efficacy of HIF-PHIs in the Treatment of Anaemia of Chronic Kidney DiseaseCurrent literature suggests that HIF-PHIs are superior to placebo and non-inferior to conventional ESA in treating anaemia in patients living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) ( Table 2 ). It should be noted that trials evaluating the efficacy of HIF-PHIs in anaemia have used established KDIGO targets. The safety of using HIF-PHIs to target normalized haemoglobin concentrations in CKD is thereforOther→
- Effusion and EmpyemaDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: J90 DESCRIPTION A pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura. The fluid can be an exudate or a transudate (see Lights criteria: https://www.mdcalc.com/lights-criteria-exudative-effusions ). Common causes for exudates are infections, inflammationPEML (Paeds)→
- Elbow DislocationThe elbow is second only to the shoulder as the major joint most frequently dislocated.Other→
- Electrolyte AbnormalitiesManagement guidelines for students, interns and registrars on a variety of routine and emergency situations in our neonatal service at Tygerberg Children’s Hospital. Published in 2014.Other→