Guidelines
1,823 entriesSpeciality / institutional guidelines
- Acute AppendicitisThis booklet is intended as a practical guide to patient care for registrars, medical officers, interns and medical students attached to the gynaecology units at the University of the Witwatersrand Academic Hospitals. Anyone can use it.→
- Acute AppendicitisSurgical Emergencies - Acute Appendicitis→
- Acute Asthma in AdultsAcute asthma in adults→
- Acute Bacterial MeningitisInfection Acute bacterial meningitis Brief outline/clinical setting For suspected bacterial meningitis, microbiological diagnosis is essential. Aetiologies/organisms S.pneumoniae, H.influenzae, N.meningitidis Optimal antimicrobial selection Ceftriaxone 80-100mg/kg (max 2g) IVI 12hrly Duration Dependent on clinical picture- May be de-escalated based on Cell count (available in 2 hours) or culture→
- Acute BronchitisInfection Acute bronchitis Brief outline/clinical setting Nasal congestion , rhinorrhea, cough. Major differential is community acquired pneumonia and this can be excluded with a CXR if necessary. A swab for PCR if there is a concern about Mycoplasma P, Chlamydia P or Bordetella Pertussis infections. Aetiologies/organisms Optimal antimicrobial selection Antibiotics not recommended Duration→
- Acute Burn InjuriesEvaluation and classification of burn wounds Pain in the burn victim Analgesia is required in the following scenarios Burn wounds are caused by thermal injury (flame, scalds, explosives or any hot material), cold injury (frostbite), electrical shock, chemicals or radiation. Depending on the extent of injury, burn injury is probably the most drastic insults regarding pain, anxiety, number of proce→
- Acute Cancer PainThis section focuses on nonsurgical pain in the palliative scenario. The aim of analgesia in this setting is a VAS of < 4/10 with movement. The analgesic plan may differ from the approach to nonmalignant pain, as the focus is more on patient comfort, while concerns about adverse effects are more in the background. Both the patient and the caregivers must understand this approach. Of course, th→
- Acute Carbon Monoxide PoisoningAcute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning→
- Acute Central Retinal Artery OcclusionAcute Central Retinal Artery Occlusion→
- Acute CholecystitisSurgical Emergencies - Acute Cholecystitis→
- Acute Coronary SyndromeOverview Definition and Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Tests Management Medications Complications Patient Education References and Guidelines Notes for HCPs Clinical Highlights Recommended reads Field Triage Clinical Setting Condition Type Cardiology Emergency ICU Acute Overview Condition Name: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). ICD-10 Codes: I20 = Angina→
- Acute Coronary SyndromesAcute coronary syndromes→
- Acute CystitisOverview Definition and Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Tests Management Medications Complications Patient Education References and Guidelines Notes for HCPs Clinical Highlights Recommended Reads Field Triage Clinical Setting Condition Type Urology Non-Emergency Outpatient Acute Overview Condition Name: Acute Cystitis ICD-10 Code: N30.0 (Cystitis, unspecifi→
- Acute Decompensated Heart FailureAcute decompensated heart failure→
- Acute DiarrhoeaThis guideline aims to assist healthcare workers with antibiotic prescribing for common clinical syndromes in adult patients in South Africa, utilizing Local and International guidelines, key publications, and expert opinion.→
- Acute Exacerbation of COPD / COADAcute Exacerbation of COPD→
- Acute Gastroenteritis in ChildrenAcute Gastroenteritis in Children→
- Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) in ChildrenGuideline to the approach to acute glomerulonephritis in children→
- Acute Infectious HepatitisAcute Infectious Hepatitis→
- Acute Kidney InjuryAcute kidney injury→
- Acute Liver FailureAcute Liver Failure→
- Acute Management of Abdominal Trauma in PregnancyThese protocols are intended for the use of students, interns and registrars within Tygerberg hospital and its immediate catchment area only. Always consult with a senior colleague if you are unsure of the correct management.→
- Acute MeningitisThis guideline aims to assist healthcare workers with antibiotic prescribing for common clinical syndromes in adult patients in South Africa, utilizing Local and International guidelines, key publications, and expert opinion.→
- Acute MeningitisOverview Definition and Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Tests Management Medications Complications Patient Education References and Guidelines Notes for HCPs Clinical Highlights Recommended reads Field Triage Clinical Setting Condition Type Infectious Diseases Emergency ICU Acute Overview Condition Name: Acute Meningitis. ICD-10 Codes: - G00 = Bacteria→
- Acute Neuropathic PainGeneral considerations Central neuropathic pain Peripheral neuropathic pain General management of acute neuropathic pain Pharmacological management of acute neuropathic pain Algorithm for the pharmacological management of acute neuropathic pain Acute herpetic neuralgia General considerations Owing to its severity and persistence (considered as chronic pain), neuropathic pain has a high morbidity→
- Acute Otitis ExternaAcute Otitis Externa→
- Acute Otitis Media (Adults)Infection Acute otitis media (Adults) Brief outline/clinical setting Bulging tympanum and temperature >38 Antibiotics are recommended in recurrent episodes, neonates, immunocompromised, structural abnormalities, fever >38 or pain for >48 hours, day care attendees/ siblings thereof Aetiologies/organisms Viral (50%) , Strep Pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis Optimal a→
- Acute Pain ManagementSee: Guidelines for the management of acute pain in specific scenarios 2022 Click here for the full pdf South African Society of Anaesthesiologists (SASA) Practice Guidelines_2022→
- Acute Pain Management in Elderly PatientsFactors affecting pain control in the elderly Measurement of pain Analgesic techniques in the elderly As a greater proportion of the population falls into the ‘elderly’ category (aged ≥ 65 years), more and more elderly patients are presenting for treatment of acute pain. Medical conditions which often lead to acute pain are more likely in older adults. These conditions include the followin→
- Acute PancreatitisSurgical Emergencies - Acute Pancreatitis→
- Acute Post Strep GlomerulonephritisAcute Post Strep Glomerulonephritis→
- Acute Renal FailureAcute Renal Failure→
- Acute Respiratory Distress SyndromeOverview Definition and Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Tests Management Medications Complications Patient Education References and Guidelines Notes for HCPs Clinical Highlights Recommended Reads Field Triage Clinical Setting Condition Type Pulmonology Emergency ICU Acute Overview Condition Name: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) ICD-10 Code = J80→
- Acute Rheumatic FeverAcute Rheumatic Fever→
- Acute Severe AsthmaPaediatrics - Acute Severe Asthma→
- Acute Severe HypertensionAcute Severe Hypertension→
- Acute Third Nerve PalsyAcute Third Nerve Palsy→
- Acute Upper Respiratory Tract InfectionThis guideline aims to assist healthcare workers with antibiotic prescribing for common clinical syndromes in adult patients in South Africa, utilizing Local and International guidelines, key publications, and expert opinion.→
- Acute Viral Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)Paediatrics - Acute Viral Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)→
- Addendum 1: Charlson Comorbidity IndexThe Charlson Index was developed in 1987 and is based on 1-year mortality data from internal medicine patients admitted to a single New York Hospital. It was initially validated in a cohort of breast cancer patients. The index encompasses 19 medical conditions weighted 1–6 with total scores ranging from 0–37. In the development phase of the index, mortality for each disease was converted to a rel→
- Addendum 2: Karnofsky Performance ScaleThe Karnofsky Performance Scale allows patients to be classified according to their functional impairment. This can be used to compare effectiveness of different therapies and to assess the prognosis in individual patients. The lower the Karnofsky score, the worse the survival for most serious illnesses. KARNOFSKY PERFORMANCE STATUS SCALE DEFINITIONS RATING (%) CRITERIA Able to carry on normal ac→
- Addendum 3: IPOS-RenalClick on the image to enlarge. Click on the image to enlarge. Click here for the pdf . Wearne, N., Krause, R., Davidson, B., and Brennan, F., 2020. Renal palliative and supportive care in South Africa – A consensus statement. African Journal of Nephrology , 23(1), pp.86-107. →
- Addendum 4: Useful Online ResourcesSA Hypertension Guidelines https://www.hypertension.org.za/guidelines Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes CKD evaluation and management https://kdigo.org/guidelines/ckd-evaluation-and-management/ CKD and anaemia https://kdigo.org/guidelines/anemia-in-ckd/ Blood pressure and CKD https://kdigo.org/guidelines/blood-pressure-in-ckd/ Assessment Tools Edmonton Symptom Assessment System Revised Re→
- Additional InformationAdditional Information→
- AdministrationTransfusing an unidentified patient Monitoring for adverse events or reactions during transfusions Transferring blood with a patient Consensus Grade 19.1 The use of blood and blood products should be directed by established protocols. Yes B 19.2 The use of blood and blood products should be subjected to gatekeeping controls. Yes C Administering the wrong blood type in error (with the risk→
- Administration of Uterotonics after Caesarean Section(CHBAH, CMJAH, RMMCH) WITS, Feb 2017. For review: Feb 2018→
- Admission of a Woman in LabourThe guidelines recommend management of common obstetric conditions at primary and referral level, based on local experience and evidence-based practice. They are not intended as strict protocols nor as standard operating procedures, but rather as a guide to safe effective management of common obstetric problems. The guidelines should be most useful to interns, medical officers and registrars.→
- Adult Sedation and Analgesia: DefinitionsSedation endpoints Continuum of PSA Non-dissociative sedation Dissociative sedation Sedation techniques Failed sedation Prolonged sedation Sedation is a drug-induced depression of consciousness, with a continuum varying from minimal sedation/anxiolysis, moderate sedation and analgesia, dissociative sedation, to deep sedation, and finally general anaesthesia as outlined below (Table 1). Table 1: T→
- Adult Sedation and Analgesia: Documentation Required for Procedural Sedation and AnalgesiaBefore sedation During sedation During recovery Other Accurate documentation of all sedation processes is an important tool in the hands of the sedation practitioner. Documentation is crucial to protect the sedation practitioner in case of legal challenges. If it was not written down, it never happened. Before sedation Documentation is aimed at gathering information from the patient, as well as g→
- Adult Sedation and Analgesia: Drugs Used in Procedural Sedation & AnalgesiaTo access the PDF version of the guidelines on drugs used in procedural sedation and analgesia as outlined in the "Guidelines for the safe use of procedural sedation and analgesia for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in adults: 2020–2025," please click on the link provided below: Drugs used in procedural sedation and analgesia South African Society of Anaesthesiologists (SASA) Guidelines for→