Guidelines
314 entriesNDOH Standard Treatment Guidelines and clinical protocols
- Paronychia, ChronicNail and Nailfold InfectionsPrimary Care→
- Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) in the NewbornDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Surgical treatment Referral ICD-10 code: Q25.0 DESCRIPTION Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the extra-uterine persistence of the normal foetal vessel that joins the pulmonary artery to the aorta. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Clinical Depending on size of PDA: A systolic or continuous murmur at the upper left sternalPEML (Paeds)→
- PathophysiologyThe ‘three systems model’ The 'bladder–brain dialogue' The ‘Three Systems Model’ The model proposed by Butler and Holland [15] in 2000 provides a framework for understanding PMSE and helps conceptualise therapeutic interventions. PMSE is caused by one or more of the following three ‘systems’: NP associated with an abnormal circadian pattern of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/arginine-vasopressin OveraOther→
- Pathophysiology of Birth AsphyxiaNational Neonatal Resuscitation GuidelinesOther→
- Pathophysiology of Pre-eclampsiaThe guidelines recommend management of common obstetric conditions at primary and referral level, based on local experience and evidence-based practice. They are not intended as strict protocols nor as standard operating procedures, but rather as a guide to safe effective management of common obstetric problems. The guidelines should be most useful to interns, medical officers and registrars.Other→
- Patient AssessmentAppropriate selection of children for sedation is the first step to safe sedation practice. It is generally accepted that adults, through their lived experience, have the necessary coping skills to ensure safe and successful sedation. However, children of different age groups, and even children within the same age group, have different coping skills. The procedure to be performed will largelOther→
- Patient Blood ManagementSANBS Clinical Guideline, 6th Edition, 2023Other→
- Patient Categorisation and Treatment OutcomesPatients treated for TB infection may be categorised either as new or previously treated. The treatment outcome possibilities are completed, lost to follow-up, stopped or died as described in Table 2 . Table 2. Patient categories and treatment outcomes Category definition New Never had TPT or who took treatment for less than four weeks. Previously treated Past TPT or another regimen for four or mOther→
- Patient Consent: Elective or Emergency Medical or Surgical ProcedureElective or emergency medical or surgical procedure consentOther→
- Patient Considerations in the Prescription of HIF-PHIsPatients hyporesponsive to conventional ESA due to chronic inflammation or iron deficiency may benefit from HIF-PHIs due to resultant decrease in hepcidin with improvement in iron absorption and mobilization from stores. Since efficacy trials have not specifically included patients with significantly increased C-reactive protein, this potential role for HIF-PHIs is not currently supported by subsOther→
- Patient Details Form & Protocol Incl TriageClick on the image to enlarge. Click here for the pdf . Angels Initiative South Africa _ Registered Nurse Stroke Patient Acute Treatment Form_2024Other→
- Patient Healthcare Worker InteractionsSADA COVID-19 Guidelines, May 2020Other→
- Patient SelectionPatient SelectionOther→
- Patient TransfersWhen and how toOther→
- Patient Triage / Practice Administration Before the Patient ArrivesSADA COVID-19 Guidelines, May 2020Other→
- Patient Well-Being and HealthClinical Evaluation Nutrition Haemoglobin Blood Pressure Preservation of Residual Renal Function Vascular Access Routine Blood Tests Bone Disease Rehabilitation and Emotional Support Clinical Evaluation Every patient on dialysis should have a clinical evaluation performed by a doctor regularly. Within treatment centres supervised by a nephrologist, chronic haemodialysis patients must be seen duriOther→
- Patient-Centred Care and Disease UnderstandingPatient Information and Decision-Making Lifestyle Interventions Comorbidities and Extra-Articular Disease Patient Information and Decision-Making The aim of treatment is to maintain a good quality of life and physical function. A management plan should be developed based on shared decision-making between patients and clinicians, predicated on patients’ values, goals, preferences and comorbiditiesOther→
- Patient-Controlled Analgesia and Neuraxial Analgesia TechniquesClinical guidelines on the use of patient-controlled analgesia Chart 1: Proposed prescription chart Neuraxial techniques PCA and neuraxial analgesia techniques offer alternative nonconventional methods for postoperative pain management. Clinical guidelines on the use of patient-controlled analgesia Rationale for use PCA refers to a method of analgesia through which a patient self-administers smalOther→
- Patient-Level InterventionsSupporting the Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy Framework and the Guidelines on Implementation of the Antimicrobial Strategy in South Africa: One Health Approach and Governance, 2018Other→
- Peak Expiratory Flow Rates (PEF Charts)Peak Expiratory Flow RatesPrimary Care→
- Pelvic Congestive SyndromeThis booklet is intended as a practical guide to patient care for registrars, medical officers, interns and medical students attached to the gynaecology units at the University of the Witwatersrand Academic Hospitals. Anyone can use it.Other→
- Pelvic Inflammatory DiseaseThis booklet is intended as a practical guide to patient care for registrars, medical officers, interns and medical students attached to the gynaecology units at the University of the Witwatersrand Academic Hospitals. Anyone can use it.Other→
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)Description General measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: N70.0-1/N70.9/N71.0-1/N71.9/N72/N73.0-6/N73.8-9 DESCRIPTION Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) includes salpingitis with or without oophoritis. As precise clinical localisation is often difficult, PID denotes a spectrum of conditions resulting from infection of the upper genital tract. Sequelae include: recurrent infectionEML (Adult)→
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)Infection Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Brief outline/clinical setting Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) comprises a spectrum of inflammatory disorders of the upper female genital tract. A PVD plus cervical motion tenderness/uterine tenderness/adnexal tenderness should be present Grading of PID (Gainesville) Grade I: Acute salpingitis without peritonitis Grade II: Acute salpingitis with peritOther→
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)Pelvic Inflammatory DiseaseOther→
- Penetrating Eye InjuryPenetrating Eye InjuryOther→
- Penetrating Eye Injury With/Without a Foreign BodyDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Surgical treatment Referral ICD-10 code: S05.5 / S05.6 DESCRIPTION Penetration through the cornea or sclera to deeper structures with/without a foreign body still present. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Urgently refer the patient with a penetrating eye injury or a severely contused eye to an ophthalmic specialist to avoid endophPEML (Paeds)→
- Penicillin - IM (Age 2 months up to 5 years)IMCI - Child (Age 2 months up to 5 years)IMCI→
- Penicillin - Oral (Age 2 months up to 5 years)IMCI - Child (Age 2 months up to 5 years)IMCI→
- Penicillin DesensitisationStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- People Living with HIV (PLHIV): Adults, Adolescents, and Children Irrespective of AgeWho TPT should be offered to TPT should be deferred or not offered if the individual living with HIV Management of TPT for PLHIV All immunocompromised people have a significant risk for developing TB disease and require an initial TPT course, regardless of significant exposure, once TB disease has been excluded. This includes people of all ages living with HIV (adults, pregnant and breastfeedingOther→
- Peptic UlcerDescription General Measures Medicine Treatment Referral ICD-10 code: K25.0-7/K25.9/K26.0-7/K26.9/K27.0-7/K27.9 DESCRIPTION Ulcer in the stomach mucosa (gastric ulcer: GU) or first few centimetres of the duodenum (duodenal ulcer: DU), which penetrates into, or through the muscularis mucosa. Diagnosis is made after endoscopy as all GUs require biopsy to exclude malignancy. General Measures AEML (Adult)→
- Peptic Ulcer DiseaseDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: K27 DESCRIPTION Varying degrees of gastritis or frank ulceration of the stomach or duodenum due to acid and pepsin-laden stomach contents on the gastric and duodenal mucosa in the face of inability of mucosal defence mechanisms to prevent these effects. Peptic ulcers may be primary (e.g.PEML (Paeds)→
- Perfusing Ventricular TachycardiaPerfusing ventricular tachycardiaOther→
- Perianal AbscessesDescription General Measures ICD-10 code: K61.0-4 DESCRIPTION An abscess adjacent to the anus. Caused by organisms spreading through the wall of the anus into peri-anal soft tissues. Presents as an indurated or tender area adjacent to the anus. GENERAL MEASURES Treatment is by surgical drainage. Treat associated pain (See: Acute Pain ). Click here to access the pdf . Click here for the&nbsPrimary Care→
- Perianal SymptomsElective Surgical Conditions - Perianal SymptomsOther→
- Pericardial EffusionDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: I30 DESCRIPTION Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space, usually secondary to pericarditis. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Clinical Most patients present with a prolonged history of: low cardiac output, distended neck veins, muffled or diminished heart sounds. Patients with HIV may be asymptPEML (Paeds)→
- PericarditisDescription Diagnostic criteria Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: I30.9 DESCRIPTION An inflammation of the pericardium. Causes include viral or bacterial and autoimmune disease. The commonest cause is viral but the clinician should entertain a high index of suspicion for tuberculous and bacterial pericarditis as these require specific antimicrobial treatment. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA InflPEML (Paeds)→
- PericarditisInfection Pericarditis Brief outline/clinical setting In TB endemic countries TB is a common cause of clinically significant pericardial effusion in both HIV-infected and non- infected persons. Aetiologies/organisms Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Common causes of purulent pericarditis include staphylococci and streptococci. In immunosuppressed patients or following thoracic surgery S. aureus and funOther→
- Perinatal DeathsThe guidelines recommend management of common obstetric conditions at primary and referral level, based on local experience and evidence-based practice. They are not intended as strict protocols nor as standard operating procedures, but rather as a guide to safe effective management of common obstetric problems. The guidelines should be most useful to interns, medical officers and registrars.Other→
- Perinatal Depression and/or AnxietyDescription General measures Medicine treatment Referral O28.8-9/ O90.9 + (F32.0-3/F32.8-9/ F33.0-4/F33.8-9/F34.1/F53.0-1/F53.8-9) DESCRIPTION See Depressive disorders and Anxiety disorders , for symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. Note that these conditions may occur together in the same person. Depression and /or anxiety may be antenatal or postpartum. Postpartum depression usually begPrimary Care→
- Perinatal Transmission of Hepatitis BDescription Medicine treatment P00.2 DESCRIPTION Babies born to mothers with acute hepatitis B infection at the time of delivery or to mothers who are HBsAg-positive or HBeAg-positive. MEDICINE TREATMENT Hepatitis B immunoglobulin, IM, 0.5 mL within 12 hours of delivery. LoE:IVb 37 AND Hepatitis B vaccine, IM, 0.5 mL, first dose within 12 hours of delivery. Continue hepatitis B immunisationPrimary Care→
- Perinephric AbscessInfection Perinephric abscess Brief outline/clinical setting The mainstay of treatment for perinephric abscess is drainage. Aetiologies/organisms S.aureus, Enterobacterales Optimal antimicrobial selection - Amoxicillin- clavulanate 1.2g IVI 8rly Duration Alternative if allergic/not available Rationale Level of evidence Other→
- PeriodontitisDescription General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: K05.4 DESCRIPTION Progressive gingivitis to the point where the underlying bone is eroded, is characterized by teeth becoming loose in their sockets. It is a cause of tooth loss in adults. GENERAL AND SUPPORTIVE MEASURES Advice on improving and maintaining oral hygiene. See: Gingivitis, uncomplicatedPEML (Paeds)→
- PeriodontitisICD-10 codes: K05.2 / K05.3 Description General Measures Medicine Treatment Referral DESCRIPTION Progressive gingivitis to the point where the underlying bone is eroded. It is characterised by loose teeth and is a cause of tooth loss in adults. GENERAL MEASURES Provide advice on improving and maintaining oral hygiene Brush teeth frequently, at least twice daily MEDICINE TREATMENTPrimary Care→
- Perioperative AnalgesiaStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Periorbital CellulitisInfection Periorbital cellulitis Brief outline/clinical setting Approximately 3% of sinusitis cases will progress to orbital cellulitis, with 60–85% of orbital cellulitis cases being secondary to sinusitis. In the absence of abscess formation or reduction in visual signs medical management should initially be imple- mented for the first 24 hours, with frequent monitoring. If no significant clinicOther→
- Peripheral Arterial DiseaseElective Surgical Conditions - Peripheral Arterial DiseaseOther→
- Peripheral Line SepsisThis guideline aims to assist healthcare workers with antibiotic prescribing for common clinical syndromes in adult patients in South Africa, utilizing Local and International guidelines, key publications, and expert opinion.Other→
- Peripheral Nerve Block or Wound InfiltrationStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→