Guidelines
391 entriesNDoH Hospital-level adult STG
- References - Gynaecologyi Ibuprofen (ceiling effect): Laska EM, Sunshine A, Marrero I, Olson N, Siegel C, McCormick N. The correlation between blood levels of ibuprofen and clinical analgesic response. ClinPharmacolTher. 1986 Jul;40(1):1- 7.. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522030 ii Paracetamol, oral: South African Medicines Formulary, 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town, 2022.→
- References - HIV and AIDSClick here to access the pdf (References: Pages 39-44) . Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Adult Hospital Level, 2025-9-Version-1.0-26-February-2026 Chapter 10 HIV and AIDS_References→
- References - Medicines Used for DiagnosisStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- References - Medicines used in Palliative CareStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- References - Mental Health Conditionsi Definition (Psychoeducation): Sarkhel S, Singh OP, Arora M. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Psychoeducation in Psychiatric Disorders General Principles of Psychoeducation. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020 Jan;62(Suppl 2):S319-S323. doi: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_780_19. Epub 2020 Jan 17. PMID: 32055073; PMCID: PMC7001357. ii Definition (Risk Assessment): New South Wales Government. SESLHDG→
- References - Musculoskeletal SystemStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- References - Nephrological/ Urological DisordersStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- References - Neurological DisordersStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- References - ObstetricsStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults, Updated for the 2023 Edition→
- References - Oncology EmergenciesStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- References - Paini Definitions: International Association for the Study of Pain. IASP Announces Revised Definition of Pain. 2020. https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology// ii Management of chronic pain: Scascighini L, Toma V, Dober-Spielmann S, Sprott H. Multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain: a systematic review of interventions and outcomes. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 May;47(5):670-8. doi: 10.109→
- References - Poisoningi Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, oral: Blaylock RS. Antibiotic use and infection in snakebite victims. S Afr Med J. 1999 Aug;89(8):874-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10488365 ii NSAID caution: World Health Organisation: Guidelines for the prevention and clinical management of snakebite in Africa. https://www.who.int/health-topics/snakebite#tab=overview iii Polyvalent antivenom: Wood D, Webb→
- References - Respiratory DisordersStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- References - SedationStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- References - Sexually Transmitted InfectionsStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- References - Surgical Antibiotic ProphylaxisStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- References - Systemic and Healthcare-Associated Infectionsi Clindamycin, oral: South African Antibiotic Stewardship Programme. A Pocket Guide to Antibiotic Prescribing for Adults in South Africa, 2015. http://www.fidssa.co.za/images/SAASP_Antibiotic_Gudidelines_2015.pdf Clindamycin, oral: South African Medicines Formulary. 14th Edition. Division of Clinical Pharmacology. University of Cape Town. 2022. Clindamycin, oral: Bouazza N, Pestre V, Jullie→
- Renal CalculiStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Renal SupportDescription General measures Description Acute kidney injury (AKI) in critical care is a complex, heterogenous clinical syndrome presenting with varying severities, trajectories, and outcomes. LoE: IVb xii See Acute Kidney Injury , for further details. Table 23.1: Staging/Severity of Acute Kidney Injury Stage Serum creatinine Urine output 1 1.5-1.9 times baseline OR ≥26.5 µmol/l (≥ 0.3 mg/dl) inc→
- Respiratory ConditionsStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Respiratory SupportDescription General Measures Description The purpose of mechanical ventilation is to support the work of breathing, ensure adequate oxygenation, facilitate clearance of carbon dioxide, and minimise the trauma caused by ventilatory support. Indications for mechanical ventilation include: Hypoxaemic respiratory failure Excessive work of breathing: Inability to meet normal respiratory demands due to→
- Retinitis, HIV CMVStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Rheumatic Heart DiseaseStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Rhinitis, Allergic, PersistentStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Safety in ICUPatient safety Patient transfer and handover Patient safety Important patient safety issues in critical care include: Proper patient identification Timely response to critical tests Appropriate and safe use of clinical alarms Improvement of staff communication Appropriate and safe use of medicines Infection prevention and control All patient safety incidents (PSI) are to be reported on the South→
- SchistosomiasisDescription Medicine Treatment ICD-10 code: B65.0-3/B65.8-9 *Notifiable medical condition. DESCRIPTION A parasitic infestation with: Schistosoma haematobium : primarily involves the bladder and renal tract, or Schistosoma mansoni : primarily involves the intestinal tract. Acute schistosomiasis syndrome Typically occurs in travellers to endemic areas with freshwater exposure 3-7 weeks before onset→
- Schizophrenia Spectrum DisordersDescription General Measures Medicine Treatment Adverse Effects Referral ICD - 10 code: F20.0-6/F20.8-9/F22.0-9/F25.0-2/F25.8-9 + (F10.0-F19.9/R45.0-8/Z65.0-5/Z65.8-9/Z81.0- 4/Z81.8) Description Schizophrenia is characterised by psychotic episodes which are severe, persistent, and accompanied by a marked deterioration in personal, social, and occupational functioning. Whilst the presentation may→
- Scorpion EnvenomationDescription General measures Medicine treatment T63.2 + (X22.99/W59.99) DESCRIPTION Medically important scorpions in Southern Africa are of the genus Parabuthus ( P. granulatus and P. transvaalicus ). These are large scorpions measuring 7–15 cm in length. Features useful in their identification are a relatively large tail and small pincers, so-called thick-tailed scorpions. Scorpions from the Sco→
- SedationDescription General measures Description Most patients may not require routine sedation, however, patients with the following conditions may require pharmacological sedation: severe acute respiratory failure status epilepticus raised intracranial pressure/ traumatic brain injury status asthmaticus General Measures For patients whom sedation is indicated, a combination with analgesia (analgo-sedat→
- Sedation in Intensive CareStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Sedation in Palliative CareStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Sedation in Palliative CareStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Sedation, Introduction (Y47.9)Sedation (Y47.9)→
- Sedative Hypnotic PoisoningBenzodiazepine poisoning Lithium poisoning BENZODIAZEPINE POISONING T42.4 + (X41.99/X61.99/Y11.99) DESCRIPTION Patients present with depressed levels of consciousness, confusion, ataxia, and dysarthria. Benzodiazepines are unlikely to cause significant respiratory depression unless co-ingested with alcohol or other CNS depressants. However, there is a risk of respiratory depression due to ov→
- Sepsis in ICUInitial Resuscitation Haemodynamic Support Antimicrobial Therapy Adjunctive Therapy Initial Resuscitation Medicine Treatment Balanced-salt solution crystalloid, IV, 30ml/kg over 3 hours. Aim for an initial haemodynamic target of MAP >65mmHg. Further fluid challenge should be guided by one or more of the following: Dynamic markers of fluid responsiveness, e.g. passive leg raising, pulse→
- Sepsis in ICU - IntroductionICD-10 code: A41.9 Definition Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Organ dysfunction is defined as an acute increase in SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) score of at least 2 points. Patients with sepsis have a significantly higher mortality than those with an infection without sepsis. LoE:IVb liv Septic shock i→
- Seronegative SpondylarthritisStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Sexual AssaultInvestigations General measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 code: T74.2 + (Y05.0-99) INVESTIGATIONS Urine pregnancy test. Blood for: - Syphilis serology - HIV - Hepatitis B if no history of previous Hep B immunisation GENERAL MEASURES Trauma counselling and completion of J88 forms. Examination under anaesthesia may be required for adequate forensic sample collection, or repair of genital trac→
- ShockDescription General measures Medicine treatment Fluid therapy for shock Vasoactive medicines for shock ICD-10 code: R57 Description Shock is defined as a state where perfusion is inadequate to meet the metabolic needs at a cellular level. There are various forms of shock each requiring their own specific treatment. LoE: IVb iii General Measures The therapeutic aim for all types of shock is to res→
- Side Effect from Chronic Pain MedicationStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Side Effects from Oncology Treatment AgentStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Side Effects from Radiation and ChemotherapyStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Sinusitis, Bacterial, ComplicatedStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 Edition→
- Snake BitesDescription General measures Medicine treatment Cytotoxic and neurotoxic snakebite Boomslang snake bite Snake venom in the eye T63.0 + (X20.99/W59.99) DESCRIPTION In the majority of snakebite incidents, the offending snake is not identified. The table below illustrates the three main envenomation syndromes seen in South Africa: cytotoxic, neurotoxic and haemotoxic. Snake species Envenomation synd→
- Soft Tissue InjuriesSee Primary Health Care STGs and EML; Soft tissue injuries . Click here for the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Adult Hospital level, 2020-4_Version 1_June 2024 Chapter 20: Emergencies and Injuries→
- Spider EnvenomationDescription General measures Medicine treatment T63.3 + (X21.99) DESCRIPTION Local venomous spiders are divided into cytotoxic and neurotoxic groups. To view pictures for the identification of spiders: http://www.cmej.org.za/index.php/cmej/article/view/2547/2582 Cytotoxic spider group The cytotoxic group includes sac, violin, and crab spiders. Lesions may present with significant bite site necros→
- Spinal Cord Injury, AcutePlease click on the link below to access the most up-to-date version of this guideline. The content on this page is currently being updated to align with the latest publication. Always check the version number at the bottom of the screen to confirm which version you are using. Click here to access the Adult Hospital Level Chapter 14: Neurological Disorders with Supporting NEMLC Report-2020-4-Revi→
- Sprains and StrainsSee Primary Health Care STGs and EML; Sprains and strains . Click here for the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Adult Hospital level, 2020-4_Version 1_June 2024 Chapter 20: Emergencies and Injuries→
- Status EpilepticusSee: Status epilepticus (in Epilepsy ). Click here for the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines And Essential Medicines List For South Africa, Adult Hospital level, 2020-4_Version 1_June 2024 Chapter 20: Emergencies and Injuries→
- Status EpilepticusPlease click on the link below to access the most up-to-date version of this guideline. The content on this page is currently being updated to align with the latest publication. Always check the version number at the bottom of the screen to confirm which version you are using. Click here to access the Adult Hospital Level Chapter 14: Neurological Disorders with Supporting NEMLC Report-2020-4-Revi→