Guidelines
3,191 entriesNDOH Standard Treatment Guidelines and clinical protocols
- Critical Care Concepts: SummaryCritical Care ConceptsOther→
- Critical Care Management of Patient Confirmed with COVID-19Guidance documents released by SASA around COVID-19. Published 03 July 2020.Other→
- Critical Care ModelsIntensive care units may be managed as “open” or “closed” units. In an “open” unit, the patient’s primary medical practitioner (e.g. surgeon, physician, obstetrician) is primarily responsible for the decision to admit the patient to ICU and for the patient’s ongoing management in the ICU. In a “closed” unit, the ICU is run by an intensive care doctor (or team of doctors) who makes the decisOther→
- Critical Care Society of Southern Africa Consensus Guideline on ICU triage and rationing (ConICTri)Guidance documents released by SASA around COVID-19Other→
- Critical Care Ventilation Troubleshooting (DOPES)Critical Care Ventilation TroubleshootingOther→
- CroupTreatment guideline for paediatric croupOther→
- Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) in ChildrenStridor (Upper Airways Obstruction)Primary Care→
- Crush Injury and/or Open fractures (Acute Traumatic Ischemias)Crush Injury and/or Open fractures (Acute Traumatic Ischemias)Other→
- Cryptococcal MeningitisInfection Cryptococcal meningitis Brief outline/clinical setting Common opportunistic pathogen causing meningitis in advanced HIV disease Aetiologies/organisms Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii Optimal antimicrobial selection Induction: - Amphotericin B deoxycholate 1mg/kg IVI daily + Flucytosine 100mg/kg/day in 4 doses x 1 week - Then fluconazole 1200mg daily x 1 week Consolidation: -Other→
- Cryptococcal MeningitisSee: Cryptococcosis, cryptococcal meningitis . Click here to access the pdf . Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Primary Healthcare, 2020-4_Version 1.0_26 May 2025 Chapter 15: Central Nervous System Conditions_15.8.3 Cryptococcal MeningitisPrimary Care→
- CryptococcosisPlease click on the link below to access the most up-to-date version of this guideline. The content on this page is currently being updated to align with the latest publication. Always check the version number at the bottom of the screen to confirm which version you are using. Click here to access the Primary Health Care - PHC Chapter 11: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune DeficiencPrimary Care→
- Cushing SyndromeStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Cutaneous AbscessInfection Cutaneous abscess Brief outline/clinical setting Deep inflammatory nodule extending into subcutaneous tissue that develops from preceding folliculitis. Simple abscesses do not extend into deeper tissues or have multiloculated extension. Aetiologies/organisms S. aureus Optimal antimicrobial selection Incision and drainage is the primary treatment, no antibiotics indicated. In complicatedOther→
- Cutaneous HaemangiomasDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Referral ICD-10 code: D18.0 DESCRIPTION Benign tumours of the vascular endothelium that may be classified as either congenital or infantile. They are characterised by abnormal proliferation of endothelial cells and abnormal blood vessel architecture. Congenital haemangiomas: Fully grown at birth, and are either rapidly inPEML (Paeds)→
- Cutaneous Larva Migrans/Ancylostoma Braziliense (Dog Hookworm)Description Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 code: B76.9/B76.0 DESCRIPTION Infestation of the skin by dog hookworm larvae. Maturation of the larvae cannot occur resulting in a self-limiting infection. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Presents as an itchy ‘serpiginous’ skin lesion. GENERAL AND SUPPORTIVE MEASURES Regular deworming of dogs. WearingPEML (Paeds)→
- Cyanotic Congential Heart Disease With Hypoxaemia Attack/Spells (Hypercyanotic Spells)Description Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: Q24.9 DESCRIPTION Acute worsening of central cyanosis in patients with a tetralogy of Fallot and certain other cyanotic heart diseases with pulmonary stenosis and a ventricular septal defect. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Clinical Rapid worsening of central cyanosis, tachypnoea/dyspnoea, anxiety aPEML (Paeds)→
- Cyanotic Heart Disease in the NewbornDescription Diagnostic Criteria General and Supportive Measures Medicine Treatment Surgical Treatment Referral ICD-10 code: Q24.9 DESCRIPTION Blue or grey discolouration of the skin and tongue in room air, with an oxygen saturation of less than 85% in the presence of a cardiac lesion (complex lesions such as common arterial trunk may be associated with saturations greater than 90%). Note: SPEML (Paeds)→
- Cyanotic Neonate (Blue baby)Cyanotic Neonate (Blue baby)Other→
- Cyanotic Spell (Tetralogy of Fallot)Cyanotic Spell (Tetralogy of Fallot)Other→
- Cyanotic/Acyanotic Cardiac LesionsManagement guidelines for students, interns and registrars on a variety of routine and emergency situations in our neonatal service at Tygerberg Children’s Hospital. Published in 2014.Other→
- Cystic FibrosisDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: E84.9 DESCRIPTION An autosomal recessive disorder of exocrine glands, mainly affecting the gut, pancreas and lungs. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Clinical Recurrent infections of the respiratory tract with later bronchiectasis, respiratory failure and cor pulmonale. Bulky, greasy and foul-smellingPEML (Paeds)→
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) InfectionDescription Diagnostic criteria Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: B25.9 DESCRIPTION CMV is an extremely common childhood infection, with almost all children infected by 5 years of age. The majority of childhood infections are asymptomatic or present with a mononucleosis-like syndrome NOT requiring anti-viral treatment. CMV can cause clinically significant disease following congenitalPEML (Paeds)→
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) RetinitisDescription Diagnostic criteria Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: B25.8 DESCRIPTION Characteristic appearance: opacification of the retina with areas of haemorrhage, exudate and necrosis. Occurs in immunocompromised patients and could be an important cause of visual impairment in HIV-infected patients. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Confirm retinitis with ophthalmological assessment. Confirm CMPEML (Paeds)→
- D. DefinitionsSupporting the Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy Framework and the Guidelines on Implementation of the Antimicrobial Strategy in South Africa: One Health Approach and Governance, 2018Other→
- Data ManagementDocumentation in the Client Record Using NHLS Reports for Quality Improvement and Client Tracking VL Monitoring to Facilitate VL Suppression PCR Monitoring to Identify and Link HIV-Infected Infants to care Documentation in the Client Record Document all clinical findings, results and decisions clearly, and insert the barcode stickers of any blood tests taken in the following client records as appOther→
- Days 2-3 Post rt-PA (Alteplase) Standing OrderClick on the image to enlarge. Click here for the pdf . Angels Initiative South Africa _ Registered Nurse Stroke Patient Acute Treatment Form_2024Other→
- Days 2-3 Post rt-PA Standing orderClick on the image to enlarge. Click here for the pdf . Angels Initiative South Africa _ Treating Doctor_Stroke patient acute treatment forms_2024Other→
- Decompression SicknessDecompression SicknessOther→
- Deep Neck Space InfectionsInfection Deep neck space infections Brief outline/clinical setting Deep neck space infection (DNI) is defined as an infection in the potential spaces and actual fascial planes of the neck. Once the natural resistance of fascial planes is overcome, spread of infection occurs along communicating fascial boundaries. More recent trends include the increasing prevalence of resistant bacterial strainsOther→
- Definition and Classification of Diabetes MellitusDefinition and Classification of Diabetes MellitusOther→
- Definition of AsthmaThe GINA definition states that asthma is ‘a heterogeneous disease, usually characterised by chronic airway inflammation’. It is defined by ‘the history of respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough that may vary over time and in intensity, together with variable airflow limitation which may later become permanent.’[1] Several asthma phenotypes haveOther→
- Definition, Management Approach and Goals of Chronic Non-Cancer PainThis guideline is endorsed by the following professional groups: Cape Pelvic Pain Society, PainSA, South African Rheumatism and Arthritis Association, and South African Society of Anaesthesiologists.Other→
- DefinitionsAdherence The extent to which a person’s behaviour corresponds with agreed recommendations from a healthcare worker for taking medication, following a diet and/or making lifestyle changes Adolescent A person aged 15 to 19 years Child For practical purposes, children weighing >25kg (typically eight to ten years of age) can be treated with adult doses of TB medications including for TB preventivOther→
- DefinitionsThe continuum of procedural sedation and analgesia Sedation endpoints Non-dissociative sedation Dissociative sedation Sedation techniques Failed sedation Prolonged sedation The International Committee for the Advancement of Procedural Sedation (ICAPS) defines procedural sedation as follows: “The practice of procedural sedation is the administration of one or more pharmacological agents to fOther→
- DefinitionsThe guidelines recommend management of common obstetric conditions at primary and referral level, based on local experience and evidence-based practice. They are not intended as strict protocols nor as standard operating procedures, but rather as a guide to safe effective management of common obstetric problems. The guidelines should be most useful to interns, medical officers and registrars.Other→
- Definitions and Categories of Resistant TuberculosisCategories of resistant tuberculosis Microbiologically confirmed: when a biological specimen is positive by smear microscopy, culture, or a rapid diagnostic test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). This is also referred to as bacteriologically confirmed. Clinically diagnosed: when a person who does not fulfil the criteria for bacterOther→
- Definitions of PainGeneral principles and management of cancer pain in adultsOther→
- Dehydration/Ketosis in LabourStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults, Updated for the 2023 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Delayed Hypersensitivity ReactionsDescription General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral See Erythema multiforme See Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/Toxic epidermal necrosis (TEN) See Drug reactions DESCRIPTION Broad spectrum of clinical manifestations involving different organs, including liver, kidneys and skin. Cutaneous reactions are most prevalent and range from maculopapular or morbilliformPEML (Paeds)→
- Delayed Sequence Intubation (DSI)Delayed Sequence Intubation (DSI)Other→
- DeliriumDescription General measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 code: F05.0-1/F05.8-9/R45.1/R45.4-6 DESCRIPTION Delirium is a disturbance in attention, awareness (reduced orientation to the environment), and cognition (e.g. memory deficit, language, visuospatial ability, or perception). It is acute, developing within hours to days, and fluctuates during the day, worsening in the evenings. It may be hyperaEML (Adult)→
- DeliriumStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- DeliriumAn approach to symptom management to guide decision-making in the management of patients with life-threatening illnessOther→
- DeliriumDescription General Measures Medicine Treatment Referral ICD-10 code: F05.0-1/F05.8-9/F44.8/R45.1/R45.4-6 DESCRIPTION Delirium is a medical emergency. Delirium is a disturbance in attention, awareness (reduced orientation to the environment), and cognition (e.g. deficits in memory, language, visuospatial ability, or perception). It is acute, developing within hours to days, and fluctuates duringPrimary Care→
- DeliriumNeuropsychiatric ConditionsPrimary Care→
- Delirium in Critical CareDescription General measures Medicine treatment ICD-10 code: F05 Description The risk of delirium is increased in patients with severe illness, with a prevalence of 40-60% in non-ventilated patients, and 50-80% in mechanically ventilated patients. Diagnosing delirium can be difficult due to its highly variable presentation. Symptoms may fluctuate over the course of a day with periods of reduced aEML (Adult)→
- DementiaCentral Nervous System ConditionsPrimary Care→
- DementiaStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Dental AbscessICD-10 code: K04.7 Description Medicine Treatment Referral DESCRIPTION Acute or chronic suppuration related to teeth, due to infection. It is characterised by: acute, severe, throbbing pain. swelling adjacent to the tooth, or on the face. pain worsened by tapping on affected teeth. restricted mouth opening or difficulty chewing. pus collection located around the tooth or at thPrimary Care→
- Dental CariesICD-10 code: K02.0, K02.1 , K02.2 , K02.3 , K02.4 , K02.5 / K02.8 , K02.9 To be managed by a dentist or dental therapist. For local anaesthesia for dental procedures: Lidocaine (Dentist and dental therapist). Lidocaine with adrenaline (epinephrine) (Dentist and dental therapist). Note: Dental rinses are not recommended for prevention of Covid-19 transmission during dental procedures.Primary Care→