Guidelines
3,191 entriesNDOH Standard Treatment Guidelines and clinical protocols
- EnvenomationThe management of severe envenomation, particularly by snakes and scorpions, is complex. Please contact the Poisons Information Helpline for advice. 0861 555 777 Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Paediatrics, 2023 Edition Chapter 18: Poisoning, 18.2 Envenomation Click here for Insect Bites and Stings Click here for ScorpiPEML (Paeds)→
- Environment and Clinical SettingSPs must understand the limitations of working in the relative isolation of the out-of-hospital setting. The premises and supporting facilities where sedation is performed, must meet the requirements of safe sedation practice. Preprocedure assessment and selection of paediatric patients will determine if the facility fulfils the requirements for each individual child. The minimal requirements forOther→
- Environmental Considerations in Infection Control and PreventionOperating theatre ventilation Forced-air warmers Operating theatre temperature and humidity Environmental cleaning of the operating theatre Surgical attire Please refer to the relevant IUSS guidelines that can be found at www.iussonline.co.za as well as the SASA website Operating theatre ventilation 263-265 Every operating theatre complex requires an effective central humidity ventilation and airOther→
- Environmental Health Guidelines16 March 2020Other→
- EpidemiologyEpidemiology Influenza virus infections cause substantial annual morbidity and mortality worldwide including South Africa. [1-4] Annual influenza epidemics result in an estimated three to five million cases of severe illness, and about 290 000-650 000 deaths globally. [4] Influenza is an important cause of pneumonia or lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and approximately 8-10% oOther→
- Epidemiology & PathophysiologyEpidemiology Pathophysiology Epidemiology Allergic rhinitis affects between 10% and 40% of children and adults worldwide, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 approximately 80% developing before the age of 20 years, with a peak at 20–40 years and then a gradual decline. 6,8 The burden in low- and middle income countries is similarly substantial and has been increasing since the 1990s. 1,2,6 In the International StudyOther→
- Epidemiology Diabetes Surveys in South Africa (Glucose-based)Epidemiology Diabetes Surveys in South Africa (Glucose-based)Other→
- Epidemiology of Type 2 DiabetesEpidemiology of type 2 DiabetesOther→
- Epidermolysis BullosaDescription General and supportive measures Referral ICD-10 Code: Q81.9 DESCRIPTION Congenital, hereditary blistering skin lesions with onset in the newborn. Lesions have an erythematous base. Involvement of the mucous membranes as well as loss of nails may occur. GENERAL AND SUPPORTIVE MEASURES May require monitoring in a high or intensive care unit. Aseptic aspiration of bullae on thPEML (Paeds)→
- EpiglottitisStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- EpiglottitisInfection Epiglottitis Brief outline/clinical setting Infectious inflammation of the epiglottis and supraglottic edema. The swollen epiglottis has a ball-valve effect which results in rapidly progressive shortness of breath and airway obstruction which can lead to death if untreated. Patients may present with sore throat, dysphagia and drooling, fever, stridor and dyspnea (relieved by leaning forOther→
- EpiglottitisDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: J05.1 DESCRIPTION Life-threatening upper airway obstruction at the level of the supraglottic structures (epiglottis and arytenoids). The condition is rare since H. influenzae Type b vaccination has been introduced. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Acute onset, high fever, sore throat, dysphagia,PEML (Paeds)→
- EpilepsyDescription Epilepsy types Investigations G40.0-9 DESCRIPTION Epilepsy is a disease of the brain defined by any of the following conditions: At least two unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring >24 hours apart, or One unprovoked (or reflex) seizure if there is a high risk (60% or more) of having recurrent seizures within the next 10 years (i.e., if the person is vulnerable to having anotherPEML (Paeds)→
- EpilepsyEpilepsyOther→
- EpilepsyEpilepsyPrimary Care→
- EpilepsyThe guidelines recommend management of common obstetric conditions at primary and referral level, based on local experience and evidence-based practice. They are not intended as strict protocols nor as standard operating procedures, but rather as a guide to safe effective management of common obstetric problems. The guidelines should be most useful to interns, medical officers and registrars.Other→
- EpilepsyStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Epilepsy SyndromesDescription Medicine treatment Referral G40.3-5 DESCRIPTION An epilepsy syndrome is a specific seizure type associated with characteristic EEG and imaging features, natural history, age-dependent features, triggers, response to ASM, and prognosis. For classification of seizure types, see Figure 1 in Epileptic seizures . Pointers for the identification of an epilepsy syndrome: Early-onset sePEML (Paeds)→
- Epilepsy SyndromesEpilepsy SyndromesPrimary Care→
- Epilepsy in Adolescents (13-18 Years)G40.0-9 See Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, Central Nervous System, Epilepsy in adolescents and adults. Click here to access the pdf . Click here to access NEMLC Report . Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Paediatric Hospital Level_Updated May 2025 Chapter 13: The Nervous System_13.4 Epilepsy_13.4.2 Epilepsy in Adolescents (13 – 18 years)PEML (Paeds)→
- Epilepsy in Adolescents and AdultsEpilepsy in Adolescents and AdultsPrimary Care→
- Epilepsy in Children <13 Years of AgeEpilepsyPrimary Care→
- Epilepsy in Children <13 Years of AgeSpecial considerations General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral A child may be diagnosed with focal, generalised, combined generalised and focal, or unknown epilepsy types. Special considerations Seizures in neonates Seizures in the neonatal period seldom confer a diagnosis of epilepsy. For management of seizures, see Seizures, neonatal . Underlying conditions and co-morbiditiePEML (Paeds)→
- Epileptic SeizuresStatus Epilepticus (Convulsive)PEML (Paeds)→
- Epileptic SeizuresPlease click on the link below to access the most up-to-date version of this guideline. The content on this page is currently being updated to align with the latest publication. Always check the version number at the bottom of the screen to confirm which version you are using. Click here to access the Adult Hospital Level Chapter 14: Neurological Disorders with Supporting NEMLC Report-2020-4-ReviEML (Adult)→
- Epileptic SeizuresDescription Diagnosis Seizure types G40.6-7; G41.0-2; G41.8-9; R56.8 DESCRIPTION An epileptic seizure is a change in movement, attention or level of awareness that is sustained or repetitive and occurs because of abnormal and excessive neuronal discharge within the brain. LoE:IVb 7 Epileptic seizures should be differentiated from: Collapse, e.g. syncope, anoxic seizures, transient ischaemic attacPrimary Care→
- Epileptic Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Adolescents (13-18 Years)See Adult Hospital Level STGs and EML, Epileptic Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Adolescents (13 – 18 Years) And Adults in Status Epilepticus . Click here to access the pdf . Click here to access NEMLC Report . Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Paediatric Hospital Level_Updated May 2025 Chapter 13: The Nervous System_13.2 Status Epilepticus_13.2.2. EpPEML (Paeds)→
- Epileptic Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Adolescents (13-18 Years) and AdultsDescription General measures Medicine treatment Referral DESCRIPTION Additional causes of epileptic seizures to consider in adolescents and adults are categorised below: Pregnancy related Infections Substances & poisoning - eclampsia (See Adult Hospital STGs and EML, Eclampsia ) - electrolyte abnormalities (e.g. in hyperemesis gravidarum) - stroke - reduced blood levels of antiseizure mPrimary Care→
- Epileptic Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Children <13 Years of AgeDescription General measures Medicine treatment Referral DESCRIPTION Central nervous system infections are a common cause of epileptic seizures in children < 13 years of age in South Africa. The most common seizures in children are febrile seizures (See Febrile seizures ) but the history, examination and investigations must aim at excluding the following conditions: Perinatal conditions InfectPrimary Care→
- Epileptic Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Children <13 Years of AgeStatus Epilepticus (Convulsive)PEML (Paeds)→
- EpistaxisEpistaxisOther→
- Epistaxis (Nose Bleed)Epistaxis (nose bleed)PEML (Paeds)→
- Erectile DysfunctionStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Erythema MultiformeAllergiesPrimary Care→
- Erythema MultiformeDescription Diagnostic criteria General and supportive measures Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: L51.9 DESCRIPTION An acute, self-limiting and commonly recurrent inflammatory eruption of the skin with variable involvement of the mucous membranes and without systemic symptoms. Symmetrically distributed crops of target lesions, (dark centre, an inner, pale ring surrounded by anPEML (Paeds)→
- Erythema Multiforme, Stevens Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal NecrolysisStandard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa, Hospital Level, Adults 2019 EditionEML (Adult)→
- Essential Paediatric Calculations and Normal ValuesPaediatric Calculations and Normal Values for Paediatric patientsOther→
- Essential StatisticsThe guidelines recommend management of common obstetric conditions at primary and referral level, based on local experience and evidence-based practice. They are not intended as strict protocols nor as standard operating procedures, but rather as a guide to safe effective management of common obstetric problems. The guidelines should be most useful to interns, medical officers and registrars.Other→
- Ethanol PoisoningDescription Diagnostic criteria Medicine treatment Referral ICD-10 code: T51.0 DESCRIPTION Ethanol is a selective CNS depressant at low concentrations, and a generalised depressant at high concentrations. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Clinical lack of co-ordination, stupor, ataxia, coma, slurred speech, hypoglycaemia, gait disturbances, convulsions, drowsiness. Investigations Monitor blPEML (Paeds)→
- Ethical ConsiderationsAn approach to symptom management to guide decision-making in the management of patients with life-threatening illnessOther→
- EthicsNational Neonatal Resuscitation GuidelinesOther→
- EthicsBlood bank practices Patient-related practices Grade 20.1 Both blood donors and recipients must be protected through safe blood management practices. N/A 20.2 Blood transfusion services must comply with the provisions of the standards of practice for blood transfusions in South Africa N/A 20.3 All blood and blood products require informed consent prior to transfusion. N/A 20.4 If consent cOther→
- Evacuation of the UterusThis booklet is intended as a practical guide to patient care for registrars, medical officers, interns and medical students attached to the gynaecology units at the University of the Witwatersrand Academic Hospitals. Anyone can use it.Other→
- Evaluating the Child with a First Non-Febrile (Afebrile) SeizureGuideline on the management of the child with a first non-febrile / afebrile seizureOther→
- Evaluation of Male Sexual Dysfunction in Type 2 DiabetesEvaluation of Male Sexual Dysfunction in Type 2 DiabetesOther→
- Evidence for N95 Extended Use, Re-use and DecontaminationCOVID-19 Rapid Review, Friday, 10 April 2020Other→
- Examination of Suspected Child AbuseRainbow Clinic for Abused Children, April 2020Other→
- Examination of an Individual Allegedly under the Influence of AlcoholAlcoholOther→
- Examining an Unwell DiverExamining an Unwell DiverOther→
- Exchange Transfusion TechniqueManagement guidelines for students, interns and registrars on a variety of routine and emergency situations in our neonatal service at Tygerberg Children’s Hospital. Published in 2014.Other→